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bonfire moss, common cord-moss, funaria moss

funaria moss

Habit Plants 4–10 or more mm, with a basal antheridial branch, medium green to yellowish green; leafless proximally with leaves crowded and bulbiform distally, sometimes laxly foliate throughout. Plants 2–5 mm, with a basal antheridial branch, yellow-green.
Leaves

smaller proximally, distal leaves 2–4 mm, deeply concave, oblong-ovate to broadly obovate distally, acute to apiculate or short-acuminate, entire or weakly serrulate distally;

costa subpercurrent to short-excurrent;

distal laminal cells thin-walled and inflated, hexagonal or oblong-hexagonal becoming much more oblong proximally.

2–3 mm, imbricate, concave, scarcely contorted when dry, broadly ovate to obovate, abruptly narrowed to an acuminate tip, margin entire or nearly so;

laminal cells hexagonal to oblong-hexagonal distally, little differentiated at the margins, becoming elongate toward the base.

Seta

usually (12–)20–45(–80) mm, slender and flexuose, usually hygroscopic.

8–20 mm, straight to slightly flexuose, not or scarcely hygroscopic.

Capsule

2–3.5 mm, pyriform, asymmetric, curved to straight, horizontal to pendent or merely inclined or nearly erect, becoming sulcate when dry below the strongly oblique mouth;

annulus revoluble, operculum slightly convex;

peristome brown, papillose-striate proximally and papillose distally, strongly trabeculate, becoming appendiculate distally, forming a lattice by fusion of the tips;

endostome segments lanceolate about 2/3 as long as the teeth, yellowish, finely papillose-striate.

2–3 mm, ovoid-pyriform from a short neck, asymmetric by the weakly oblique mouth, inclined to horizontal, becoming striate and nearly cylindric when dry and empty, annulus large and revoluble, operculum convex, exothecial cells narrowly oblong and transversely elongate in 3–5 rows below the mouth;

peristome teeth yellowish, lanceolate, somewhat trabeculate proximally, becoming hyaline and appendiculate, fusing to form a latticed dome, papillose striate proximally, papillose at the tips;

endostome segments about 1/4 as long as the teeth, bluntly 2-lobed or emarginate, papillose.

Calyptra

cucullate, smooth.

cucullate, rostrate, smooth.

Spores

mostly 12–21 µm, finely papillose.

18–30 µm, obscurely angled, finely papillose by low irregular ridges.

Funaria hygrometrica

Funaria flavicans

Habitat Sterile soil or gravel in disturbed areas such as burned over woods, around foundations, and roadsides
Elevation low to moderate elevations
Distribution
from USDA
Worldwide except Antarctica
[WildflowerSearch map]
from FNA
AL; AR; CT; FL; GA; IA; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MD; MO; MS; NC; NE; NM; OK; SC; TN; TX; ON
Discussion

Varieties ca. 20 (2 in the flora).

Funaria hygrometrica is one of the most common, weedy, and widely distributed mosses in the world; its distribution closely parallels that of Bryum argenteum. It is widely illustrated in textbooks to demonstrate the life cycle of a typical moss, possibly because of the abundant conspicuous sporophytes produced and its frequent presence in greenhouses. However, the peristome with opposite, instead of alternate, teeth in the two peristome rows is clearly atypical among the majority of mosses. Most of the varieties that have been described probably do not merit recognition because of the morphological plasticity of the species in response to environmental conditions.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Funaria flavicans is found throughout southeastern Canada and United States east of the Rockies. It differs from the weedy and variable F. hygrometrica in the barely hygroscopic seta, the slightly asymmetric capsule that becomes weakly plicate when dry, and the short segments of the endostome.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Key
1. Capsule 2-3.5 mm, horizontal to pendent, curved, capsule neck less tapered, mouth of capsule narrow
var. hygrometrica
1. Capsule 2-3 mm, inclined to nearly erect, straight or weakly curved, capsule narrowly tapered to a long slender neck, mouth of capsule wide.
var. calvescens
Source FNA vol. 27, p. 190. FNA vol. 27, p. 190.
Parent taxa Funariaceae > Funaria Funariaceae > Funaria
Sibling taxa
F. americana, F. apiculatopilosa, F. arctica, F. flavicans, F. microstoma, F. muhlenbergii, F. polaris, F. serrata
F. americana, F. apiculatopilosa, F. arctica, F. hygrometrica, F. microstoma, F. muhlenbergii, F. polaris, F. serrata
Subordinate taxa
F. hygrometrica var. calvescens, F. hygrometrica var. hygrometrica
Name authority Hedwig: Sp. Musc. Frond., 172. (1801) Michaux: Fl. Bor.-Amer. 2: 303. (1803)
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