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bonfire moss, common cord-moss, funaria moss

American funaria moss

Habit Plants 4–10 or more mm, with a basal antheridial branch, medium green to yellowish green; leafless proximally with leaves crowded and bulbiform distally, sometimes laxly foliate throughout. Plants 2–5 mm, pale olive green, stem with leaves crowded at the tip, and bearing a short antheridial branch at the base.
Leaves

smaller proximally, distal leaves 2–4 mm, deeply concave, oblong-ovate to broadly obovate distally, acute to apiculate or short-acuminate, entire or weakly serrulate distally;

costa subpercurrent to short-excurrent;

distal laminal cells thin-walled and inflated, hexagonal or oblong-hexagonal becoming much more oblong proximally.

larger distally and reduced proximally, distal leaves 2–3 mm, erect spreading, the blade elliptic to oblong-lanceolate or obovate gradually narrowed to a slender acumen, distal blade margins entire to weakly serrulate distally and entire proximally;

costa narrowing distally and ending in the acumen;

distal laminal cells thin-walled, rhomboid to oblong-hexagonal, somewhat narrowed at the margins, proximal cells becoming rectangular toward the base.

Seta

usually (12–)20–45(–80) mm, slender and flexuose, usually hygroscopic.

6–10 mm, nearly straight.

Capsule

2–3.5 mm, pyriform, asymmetric, curved to straight, horizontal to pendent or merely inclined or nearly erect, becoming sulcate when dry below the strongly oblique mouth;

annulus revoluble, operculum slightly convex;

peristome brown, papillose-striate proximally and papillose distally, strongly trabeculate, becoming appendiculate distally, forming a lattice by fusion of the tips;

endostome segments lanceolate about 2/3 as long as the teeth, yellowish, finely papillose-striate.

1.5–2 mm, inclined, asymmetric, elongate-pyriform from a neck nearly as long as the spore sac, shrunken below the mouth but not plicate when dry;

annulus none, operculum short-conic;

peristome teeth lanceolate-triangular, dark yellow-brown, papillose-striate throughout, trabeculae distinct but moderately thickened, weakly appendiculate and extending into the tip;

endostome segments about 3/4 the length of the teeth, triangular basally, narrowing midway to a slender tip, finely papillose.

Calyptra

cucullate, smooth.

cucullate, smooth.

Spores

mostly 12–21 µm, finely papillose.

25–30 µm, somewhat angled, finely rugose-verrucate.

Funaria hygrometrica

Funaria americana

Habitat Exposed calcareous soils among loosely tufted grasses or in moist bright disturbed habitats in early spring
Elevation low to moderate elevations
Distribution
from USDA
Worldwide except Antarctica
[WildflowerSearch map]
from FNA
AR; CO; GA; IL; KS; MN; NE; OH; OK; PA; TN; TX; WI; Mexico
Discussion

Varieties ca. 20 (2 in the flora).

Funaria hygrometrica is one of the most common, weedy, and widely distributed mosses in the world; its distribution closely parallels that of Bryum argenteum. It is widely illustrated in textbooks to demonstrate the life cycle of a typical moss, possibly because of the abundant conspicuous sporophytes produced and its frequent presence in greenhouses. However, the peristome with opposite, instead of alternate, teeth in the two peristome rows is clearly atypical among the majority of mosses. Most of the varieties that have been described probably do not merit recognition because of the morphological plasticity of the species in response to environmental conditions.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Funaria americana has been reported mainly from the area between the Appalachians and the Rocky Mountain divides, and it is reputed to be most likely encountered in disturbed microhabitats along river bluffs. Confusion has existed between the application of the names F. americana and F. muhlenbergii, as explained by H. A. Crum and L. E. Anderson (1981). Generally, collections from North America east of the Rockies continental divide belong to F. americana, and those from the western states belong to F. muhlenbergii, a species originally described from Europe. Such disjunctions are known for a number of genera and species of terrestrial plants. The costa extending nearly to the tip of the long leaf acumen is diagnostic. In F. muhlenbergii, the costa clearly ends before the short slender acumen.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Key
1. Capsule 2-3.5 mm, horizontal to pendent, curved, capsule neck less tapered, mouth of capsule narrow
var. hygrometrica
1. Capsule 2-3 mm, inclined to nearly erect, straight or weakly curved, capsule narrowly tapered to a long slender neck, mouth of capsule wide.
var. calvescens
Source FNA vol. 27, p. 190. FNA vol. 27, p. 193.
Parent taxa Funariaceae > Funaria Funariaceae > Funaria
Sibling taxa
F. americana, F. apiculatopilosa, F. arctica, F. flavicans, F. microstoma, F. muhlenbergii, F. polaris, F. serrata
F. apiculatopilosa, F. arctica, F. flavicans, F. hygrometrica, F. microstoma, F. muhlenbergii, F. polaris, F. serrata
Subordinate taxa
F. hygrometrica var. calvescens, F. hygrometrica var. hygrometrica
Synonyms Entosthodon americanus
Name authority Hedwig: Sp. Musc. Frond., 172. (1801) Lindberg: Öfvers. Kongl. Vetensk.-Akad. Förh. 20: 398. (1863)
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