Fuchsia magellanica |
Onagraceae |
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earring flower, hardy fuchsia, hummingbird fuchsia, Magellan fuchsia |
evening-primrose family |
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Habit | Shrubs glabrous or sparsely strigillose. | Herbs, annual or perennial, shrubs, or subshrubs, [lianas or trees], terrestrial, amphibious, or aquatic, unarmed, not clonal; often with epidermal oil cells, usually with internal phloem, abundant raphides in vegetative cells. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Stems | arcuate, 1–3(–5) m. Leaves in whorls of 3 or 4 per node, sometimes opposite; petiole 0.5–1(–2) cm; blade elliptic-ovate or ovate to lanceolate, 1.5–6(–7) × 1–2(–4) cm. |
erect to decumbent or prostrate. |
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Leaves | usually deciduous, usually alternate or opposite, sometimes whorled, simple, usually cauline, sometimes basal and forming rosettes; stipules present, intrapetiolar, usually caducous, relatively small, or absent (tribes Epilobieae and Onagreae); sessile or subsessile to petiolate; blade margins usually entire, toothed, or pinnately lobed, rarely bipinnately lobed. |
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Inflorescences | axillary, flowers solitary, leafy spikes, racemes, or panicles. |
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Flowers | 1 or 2 per node of distal leaves, pendent; floral tube crimson, 7–15 mm; sepals crimson, (15–)17–25(–30) mm; petals convolute after anthesis, (8–)11–20 mm; stamens exserted; filaments 18–35 mm; stigma clavate. |
usually bisexual, (protandrous in Chamaenerion, Clarkia, Epilobium, [and most species of Lopezia]; protogynous in Circaea and Fuchsia), sometimes unisexual (gynodioecious or dioecious, [subdioecious]), usually actinomorphic, sometimes zygomorphic, (2–)4(–7)-merous; perianth and androecium epigynous; sepals persistent after anthesis (in Ludwigia), or all flower parts deciduous after anthesis; floral tube present or absent in Chamaenerion, Ludwigia, [and most species of Lopezia]; sepals usually green or red, rarely pink or purple, valvate; petals present, rarely absent, often fading darker with age, imbricate or convolute, sometimes clawed; nectary present; stamens 2 times as many as sepals and in 2 series, antisepalous set usually longer, rarely all equal (Chamaenerion), or as many as sepals, [in Lopezia reduced to 2 or 1 plus 1 sterile staminode]; filaments distinct; anthers usually versatile, sometimes basifixed, dithecal, polysporangiate, with tapetal septa, sometimes also with parenchymatous septa, opening by longitudinal slits, pollen grains united by viscin threads, (2 or)3(–5)-aperturate, shed singly or in tetrads or polyads; ovary inferior, usually with as many carpels and locules as sepals, rarely 1 or 2 (Circaea and Gayophytum), septa sometimes thin or absent at maturity; placentation axile or parietal; style 1, stigma 1, with as many lobes as sepals or clavate to globose, papillate or not, and wet with free-running secretions to dry without the secretions; ovules 1 to numerous per locule, in 1 or several rows or clustered, anatropous, bitegmic. |
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Fruit | a loculicidal capsule or indehiscent berry or nutlike. |
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Seeds | smooth or sculptured, sometimes with a coma or wings, with straight, oily embryo, 4-nucleate embryo sac, endosperm absent. |
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Berry | oblong, 10–22 mm; pedicel (10–)20–55 mm. |
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2n | = 44. |
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Fuchsia magellanica |
Onagraceae |
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Phenology | Flowering May–Nov. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Habitat | Sea bluffs, ditches, creek banks, damp thickets in partial shade or full sun. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Elevation | 10–200 m. (0–700 ft.) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Distribution |
CA; OR; South America [Introduced in North America; introduced also in w Europe (Ireland), Asia (India), e Africa, Pacific Islands (Hawaiian Islands, New Zealand), Australia]
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North America; Mexico; Central America; South America; West Indies; Bermuda; Eurasia; Africa; Atlantic Islands; Indian Ocean Islands; Pacific Islands; Australasia; nearly worldwide; primarily New World |
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Discussion | Fuchsia magellanica is known in the flora area from Alameda, Contra Costa, Humboldt, Mendocino, Monterey, San Francisco, San Luis Obispo, San Mateo, and Sonoma counties in California, and Coos, Curry, Lane, and Lincoln counties in Oregon; it is native to the southern Andes in South America (Argentina, Chile). Fuchsia magellanica is a member of sect. Quelusia (Vandelli) de Candolle, characterized by its shrubby-lianoid habit, opposite or whorled leaves, and distinctive floral pattern associated with hummingbird pollination, including violet, convolute petals, strongly exserted stamens, and partially connate sepals that are longer than the floral tubes. In the flora area, it is visited by Anna’s Hummingbird (Calypte anna). In Oregon, besides the normal red and purple flowered plants, there are also naturalized populations of a much paler flowered form of Fuchsia magellanica in which the floral tubes and sepals are pale white or tinged with pink, and the petals are only slightly purple. Similar populations can be found in the wild in Patagonia, and similar color variants are naturalized in New Zealand. One particular naturalized population near Brookings, Curry County, Oregon, is different from the other naturalized F. magellanica populations, and it appears to have originated from escaped cultivars involving a cross between F. magellanica and F. coccinea Aiton, a Brazilian species also in sect. Quelusia. Another naturalized population at the northern end of Bodega Bay, Sonoma County, California, is adjacent to banks full of F. magellanica, but it is different and appears to be intermediate between F. regia Vellozo and F. coccinea. In California, additional species of Fuchsia have been reported by collections or observations. Fuchsia hybrida hort. ex Siebold & Voss, which can distinguished from F. magellanica by the longer floral tube, 10–20 mm, and sepals 25–30 mm, is a variable garden hybrid involving F. magellanica or F. regia as one of the parents. Most of the observations or collection occurrence outside of cultivation of F. hybrida usually are near buildings or gardens or on a university campus. Fuchsia boliviana Carrière, which can be separated from other others by its floral tube (25–)30–60(–70) mm, scarlet petals, and flowers in pendent racemes or few-branched panicles, was reported as naturalized based on an erroneous observation. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Genera 22, species 664 (17 genera, 277 species in the flora). Members of the Onagraceae are especially richly represented in North America. The family comprises annual and perennial herbs, with some shrubs and a few small to medium-sized trees. Most species occur in open habitats, ranging from dry to wet, with a few species of Ludwigia aquatic, from the tropics to the deserts of western North America, temperate forests, and arctic tundra; some species of Epilobium, Ludwigia, and Oenothera can be weeds in disturbed habitats. Members of the family are characterized by 4-merous flowers (sometimes 2-, 5-, or 7-merous), an inferior ovary, a floral tube in most species, stamens usually two times as many as sepals, and pollen connected by viscin threads. Flowers are usually bisexual, sometimes unisexual, and plants are gynodioecious, matinal, diurnal, or vespertine, self-compatible or self-incompatible, often outcrossing and then pollinated by a wide variety of insects or birds, or autogamous (P. H. Raven 1979; W. L. Wagner et al. 2007). Onagraceae are known in considerable systematic detail, and information is available on comparative breeding systems and pollination biology, on chromosome numbers and cytogenetic relations, often involving translocations, and on vegetative, floral, and seed anatomy, palynology, and embryology. The phylogeny of the family is known in reasonably good detail, with most parts of the trees generally well-supported. The suprageneric and generic classification presented by W. L. Wagner et al. (2007) differs in a number of ways from the previous classification (P. H. Raven 1979, 1988). Onagraceae are divided into two subfamilies based on a fundamental basal split recognized in all phylogenetic studies (R. H. Eyde 1981; P. C. Hoch et al. 1993; R. A. Levin et al. 2003, 2004; V. S. Ford and L. D. Gottlieb 2007), with Ludwigia on one branch (as Ludwigioideae), and the rest of the family on a second branch (as Onagroideae). Onagroideae are subdivided into six tribes: Circaeeae (including Fuchsieae), Epilobieae, Gongylocarpeae, Hauyeae, Lopezieae, and Onagreae. The Epilobieae and Onagreae are diverse; together they constitute fully two-thirds of the species in the family and include 15 of the 22 genera. The classification following Wagner et al. can be viewed on the Onagraceae web site by Wagner and Hoch at http://botany.si.edu/Onagraceae. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
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Key |
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Source | FNA vol. 10. | FNA vol. 10. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Parent taxa | Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Circaeeae > Fuchsia | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Name authority | Lamarck in J. Lamarck et al.: Encycl. 2: 565. (1788) | Jussieu | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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