Fimbristylis thermalis
Fimbristylis
hot springs fimbristylis, hot springs fimbry
fimbristyle, fimbry
sometimes solitary, scapose, stiff or flaccid, terete, compressed, or 3–5-angled, coarse or fine.
nearly distichous, spreading to ascending, 1/2 length of culms;
sheath margins entire, backs smooth to pubescent;
ligule present, complete;
blades narrowly linear, proximally flat, 2–3.5(–4) mm wide, margins scabrid-ciliate, abaxial surface sometimes pubescent.
basal, distichous or polystichous;
sheaths open apically, shorter than blade, with broad scarious margins;
ligule absent at junction with blade or, if present, of erect short hairs, transverse, continuous or interrupted;
blades flat or variously folded, terete, or sulcate, not prominently keeled on abaxial surface, the widest not more than 2 mm wide.
anthelae simple or compound, longer than wide;
scapes wandlike, nearly terete or slightly compressed, distally 1 mm thick, marginal ribs scabrid;
longest primary involucral bract shorter than panicle.
simple or compound anthelae, rarely capitate;
spikelets 1–80+, rarely single;
involucral bracts 2–5, spreading or rarely erect, scalelike or leaflike.
pale dull brown, lance-ovoid to cylindric-ellipsoid, 10–12 mm;
fertile scales ovate, 3.5–4 mm, apex broadly acute, ciliate, surface uniformly puberulent, midrib excurrent as mucro or cusp.
mainly ovoid to lanceoloid or cylindric, sometimes compressed;
scales 8–100+, spirally arranged, each subtending flower or proximal 1–2 empty.
stamens 3;
styles 2-fid, flat, fimbriate.
bisexual;
perianth absent;
stamens 1–3;
styles flattened or subterete, 2–3-fid, base enlarged, deciduous.
dark brown, lenticular-obovoid, 1.5 mm, finely cancellate, with 20 or more longitudinal rows of horizontally rectangular pits per side.
biconvex or trigonous, reticulate-honeycombed.
= 20.
Fimbristylis thermalis
Fimbristylis
Species well over 100 (16 in the flora).
Culms terminate in scapes; scapes are variously elongate, slender, shallowly to strongly ribbed, overtopping leaves. Leaf blades are mostly linear, compressed or thickened, rarely onefacial. Involucral bracteal blades (more common than scales in Fimbristylis) are linear to setaceous, abbreviated or exceeding inflorescence. Spikelet scales are erect or ascending, rarely nearly distichous; proximal scales sterile, usually bladed, larger than fertile scales; fertile scales mostly uniform, carinate or convex, thin, medially with thicker, longitudinally ribbed band, margins entire; ribs converging apically, often short or longexcurrent. Flowers are protandrous, on short rachilla joint; filaments flattened; anthers bilocular, two- to four-sporangiate; ovary two- to three-carpellate; styles disarticulating at very base, flat, fimbriate, or slender, angular, smooth or papillose. Achenes are tumid, obscurely threeribbed, with faces and angles variously sculpted.
(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)
1. Styles 3-fid; plants annual. | → 2 |
1. Styles 2-fid; plants annual or perennial. | → 3 |
2. Ligule of short hairs present; leaf blades flat; spikelets mostly narrow, narrowly lanceoloid to narrowly ellipsoid. | F. autumnalis |
2. Ligule not evident; leaf blades strongly folded, bifacial; spikelets plump, broadly ovoid. | F. miliacea |
3. Ligule of short hairs absent or incomplete. | → 4 |
3. Ligule of short hairs evident and complete (most noticeable in plants having broadly linear leaf blade base, harder to detect in narrower, more involute or adaxially sulcate leaf blades). | → 9 |
4. Plants low, usually less than 20 cm (F. squarrosa 30 cm or more), often densely tufted, slender, weedy annuals; leaf blades linear-filiform, to 1 mm wide. | → 5 |
4. Plants tall, usually (20–)30–150(–200) cm, more robust, densely to sparsely tufted perennials; leaf blades 1+ mm wide. | → 7 |
5. Spikelets ovoid; achenes cylindric. | F. perpusilla |
5. Spikelets lance cylindric; achenes obovoid, biconvex. | → 6 |
6. Spikelets sessile or subsessile in dense, terminal, headlike cluster; base of style smooth or papillate. | F. vahlii |
6. Spikelets in open anthelae; base of style with slender, recurved fimbriae covering achene summit. | F. squarrosa |
7. Spikelets less than 5 mm, in headlike or dense clusters; apex of fertile scales rounded, mostly notched, midrib not exserted; leaf blades shallowly concave or flat; achenes tumid. | F. cymosa |
7. Spikelets usually more than 5 mm, mostly in more diffuse clusters; apex of fertile scales rounded, sometimes ciliolate, midrib reaching tip or excurrent as mucro; leaf blades mostly strongly involute; achenes lenticular. | → 8 |
8. Plants densely cespitose; bases of leaves hard, leathery, usually dark brown or castaneous. | F. castanea |
8. Plants loosely cespitose in small tufts or culms solitary; bases of leaves not as above. | F. puberula |
9. Rhizomes slender, elongate; robust perennials with wandlike culms, at least 50 cm. | → 10 |
9. Rhizomes absent or, if present, stout, strongly tapering or made up of thickened contiguous culm bases; annuals or perennials infrequently exceeding 50 cm, mostly under 40 cm. | → 12 |
10. Spikelets lance-ovoid to cylindric-ellipsoid; scales with abaxial surface dull, uniformly puberulent, scale apex broadly acute, midrib excurrent as mucro or cusp. | F. thermalis |
10. Spikelets ovoid to lance-ovoid, rarely cylindric, scales with abaxial surface lustrous, glabrous or puberulent apically, scale apex abruptly rounded, midrib excurrent as mucro. | → 11 |
11. Fertile scales puberulent apically; scapes broadly linear, distally flattened or oval, edges usually scabrid; achene finely but definitely cancellate. | F. caroliniana |
11. Fertile scales glabrous; scapes narrowly linear, distally angular, glabrous; achene nearly smooth or with longitudinal rows of shallow, isodiametric pits. | F. puberula |
12. Spikelets pale (stramineous on herbarium specimens, pale red-brown on living plants), usually solitary on scape, infrequently in anthela of 2–3; achenes appearing smooth under 10–20X magnification, under higher power showing fine longitudinal rows of shallow isodiametric pits. | F. schoenoides |
12. Spikelets dark, usually in open or congested multispikeleted anthelae; achenes appearing smooth, finely striate, or coarsely reticulate on face. | → 13 |
13. Face (1 side) of achene smoothish or with many (20 or more) longitudinal rows of shallow pits or cells, thus finely striate; annual. | F. tomentosa |
13. Face (1 side) of achene more coarsely reticulate, usually with 12 or fewer longitudinal rows of horizontally oriented, rectangular cells; annual or perennial. | → 14 |
14. Plants perennial; achenes without warts. | → 15 |
14. Plants annual; achenes variably warty. | → 16 |
15. Plant base bulbous, also scaly-rhizomatous; spikelet scales glabrous or puberulent. | F. brevivaginata |
15. Plant base not bulbous, not producing rhizomes; spikelet scales glabrous. | F. dichotoma |
16. Leaf blades hirsute-ciliate at least proximally; warts present only at apex of achene margin. | F. decipiens |
16. Leaf blades uniformly smooth to scabrid or ciliolate at margin; warts of achene usually distributed, or rarely achenes smooth. | F. annua |
CA
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