Fallopia japonica |
Fallopia japonica var. japonica |
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Japanese knotweed, Japanese wing-knotweed |
Japanese knotweed |
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Habit | Herbs, perennial, rhizomatous, 1.5–2(–3) m. Stems usually clustered, erect, profusely branched, herbaceous, stiff, glabrous, glaucous. | |
Leaves | ocrea usually deciduous, brownish, cylindric, 4–6(–10) mm, margins oblique, face not fringed with reflexed hairs and slender bristles at base, otherwise glabrous or puberulent; petiole 1–3 cm, glabrous; blade ovate, 5–15 × 2–10 cm, base truncate to attenuate, margins entire, glabrous or scabrous to ciliate, apex abruptly cuspidate, abaxial face minutely dotted, glaucous, with hairs along veins unicellular, shorter than 0.1 mm, tips blunt, veins obscurely scabrous, adaxial face glabrous. |
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Inflorescences | terminal and axillary, erect or spreading, paniclelike or, sometimes, racemelike, 4–12 cm, axes puberulent; peduncle 0.1–2.5 cm or absent, puberulent. |
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Pedicels | ascending or spreading, articulated proximal to middle, 3–5 mm, glabrous. |
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Flowers | bisexual or pistillate, 3–8(–15) per ocreate fascicle; perianth accrescent in fruit, white or greenish white to pink, 4–6 mm including stipelike base, glabrous; tepals obovate to elliptic, apex obtuse to acute, outer 3 winged; stamens 8; filaments flattened proximally, glabrous; styles connate basally; stigmas fimbriate. |
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Achenes | included, dark brown, 2.3–3.6 × 1.4–1.9 mm, shiny, smooth; fruiting perianth glabrous, wings flat to undulate, 1.4–2 mm wide at maturity, decurrent on stipelike base nearly to articulation, margins entire. |
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2n | = 44, 66, 88 (Korea). |
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Fallopia japonica |
Fallopia japonica var. japonica |
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Phenology | Flowering Aug–Sep. | |
Habitat | Disturbed sites, waste places | |
Elevation | 0-1800 m (0-5900 ft) | |
Distribution |
AK; AR; CA; CO; CT; DC; DE; GA; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; MT; NC; NE; NH; NJ; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; UT; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; BC; MB; NB; NF; NS; ON; PE; QC [Asia, introduced in Europe]
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AK; AR; CA; CO; CT; DC; DE; GA; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; MT; NC; NE; NH; NJ; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; UT; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; BC; MB; NB; NF; NS; ON; PE; QC; SPM; e Asia (China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan) [Introduced in North America; introduced in Europe] |
Discussion | Varieties 4 (1 in the flora). Fallopia japonica is planted widely as a garden ornamental; it has a proclivity to escape and spread aggressively. Once established, plants can be difficult to eradicate because of their extensive, woody rhizomes. The species has been declared noxious in Alabama, California, Oregon, Vermont, and Washington. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Variety hachidyoensis (Makino) Yonekura & H. Ohashi and var. uzenensis (Honda) Yonekura & H. Ohashi are endemic to Japan and are distinguished by differences in leaf size and pubescence. A dwarf alpine form of Fallopia japonica found in Korea also is sometimes recognized as var. compacta (Houttuyn) J. P. Bailey. It is shorter (to 8 dm), has reddish perianths, and often is planted as a ground cover. Fallopia ×bohemica is a naturally occurring hybrid between var. japonica and F. sachalinensis. Fallopia japonica also hybridizes with F. baldschuanica. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 5, p. 543. | FNA vol. 5, p. 543. |
Parent taxa | Polygonaceae > subfam. Polygonoideae > Fallopia | Polygonaceae > subfam. Polygonoideae > Fallopia > Fallopia japonica |
Sibling taxa | ||
Subordinate taxa | ||
Synonyms | Reynoutria japonica | Polygonum cuspidatum |
Name authority | (Houttuyn) Ronse Decraene: Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 98: 369. (1988) | unknown |
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