The green links below add additional plants to the comparison table. Blue links lead to other Web sites.
enable glossary links

Japanese knotweed, Japanese wing-knotweed

Photo is of parent taxon

Japanese knotweed

Habit Herbs, perennial, rhizomatous, 1.5–2(–3) m. Stems usually clustered, erect, profusely branched, herbaceous, stiff, glabrous, glaucous.
Leaves

ocrea usually deciduous, brownish, cylindric, 4–6(–10) mm, margins oblique, face not fringed with reflexed hairs and slender bristles at base, otherwise glabrous or puberulent;

petiole 1–3 cm, glabrous;

blade ovate, 5–15 × 2–10 cm, base truncate to attenuate, margins entire, glabrous or scabrous to ciliate, apex abruptly cuspidate, abaxial face minutely dotted, glaucous, with hairs along veins unicellular, shorter than 0.1 mm, tips blunt, veins obscurely scabrous, adaxial face glabrous.

Inflorescences

terminal and axillary, erect or spreading, paniclelike or, sometimes, racemelike, 4–12 cm, axes puberulent;

peduncle 0.1–2.5 cm or absent, puberulent.

Pedicels

ascending or spreading, articulated proximal to middle, 3–5 mm, glabrous.

Flowers

bisexual or pistillate, 3–8(–15) per ocreate fascicle;

perianth accrescent in fruit, white or greenish white to pink, 4–6 mm including stipelike base, glabrous;

tepals obovate to elliptic, apex obtuse to acute, outer 3 winged;

stamens 8;

filaments flattened proximally, glabrous;

styles connate basally;

stigmas fimbriate.

Achenes

included, dark brown, 2.3–3.6 × 1.4–1.9 mm, shiny, smooth; fruiting perianth glabrous, wings flat to undulate, 1.4–2 mm wide at maturity, decurrent on stipelike base nearly to articulation, margins entire.

2n

= 44, 66, 88 (Korea).

Fallopia japonica

Fallopia japonica var. japonica

Phenology Flowering Aug–Sep.
Habitat Disturbed sites, waste places
Elevation 0-1800 m (0-5900 ft)
Distribution
from FNA
AK; AR; CA; CO; CT; DC; DE; GA; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; MT; NC; NE; NH; NJ; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; UT; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; BC; MB; NB; NF; NS; ON; PE; QC [Asia, introduced in Europe]
[WildflowerSearch map]
from FNA
AK; AR; CA; CO; CT; DC; DE; GA; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; MT; NC; NE; NH; NJ; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; UT; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; BC; MB; NB; NF; NS; ON; PE; QC; SPM; e Asia (China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan) [Introduced in North America; introduced in Europe]
Discussion

Varieties 4 (1 in the flora).

Fallopia japonica is planted widely as a garden ornamental; it has a proclivity to escape and spread aggressively. Once established, plants can be difficult to eradicate because of their extensive, woody rhizomes. The species has been declared noxious in Alabama, California, Oregon, Vermont, and Washington.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Variety hachidyoensis (Makino) Yonekura & H. Ohashi and var. uzenensis (Honda) Yonekura & H. Ohashi are endemic to Japan and are distinguished by differences in leaf size and pubescence. A dwarf alpine form of Fallopia japonica found in Korea also is sometimes recognized as var. compacta (Houttuyn) J. P. Bailey. It is shorter (to 8 dm), has reddish perianths, and often is planted as a ground cover.

Fallopia ×bohemica is a naturally occurring hybrid between var. japonica and F. sachalinensis. Fallopia japonica also hybridizes with F. baldschuanica.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Source FNA vol. 5, p. 543. FNA vol. 5, p. 543.
Parent taxa Polygonaceae > subfam. Polygonoideae > Fallopia Polygonaceae > subfam. Polygonoideae > Fallopia > Fallopia japonica
Sibling taxa
F. baldschuanica, F. cilinodis, F. convolvulus, F. dumetorum, F. sachalinensis, F. scandens, F. ×bohemica
Subordinate taxa
F. japonica var. japonica
Synonyms Reynoutria japonica Polygonum cuspidatum
Name authority (Houttuyn) Ronse Decraene: Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 98: 369. (1988) unknown
Web links