Fallopia dumetorum |
Fallopia |
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climbing false buckwheat, copse-bindweed, renouée des haies, thicket bindweed |
bindweed, false-buckwheat, fleeceflower, knotweed |
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Habit | Herbs, annual, not rhizomatous, to 3 m. Stems scandent or climbing, rarely prostrate, freely branched, herbaceous, glabrous to papillose or scabrid, not glaucous. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Stems | erect to scandent, rarely procumbent, glabrous or pubescent. |
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Leaves | ocrea usually deciduous, tan or brown, cylindric to funnelform, 1.5–3.5 mm, margins oblique, face not fringed with reflexed hairs and slender bristles at base, otherwise glabrous or scabrid; petiole 0.3–2.5 cm, glabrous or scabrid in lines; blade triangular to hastate, 2–8 × 1–5 cm, base cordate to truncate, margins wavy, scabrid, apex acute to acuminate, abaxially and adaxially faces glabrous or papillose to scabrid, not glaucous, the abaxial rarely minutely dotted. |
deciduous, cauline, alternate, petiolate; ocrea persistent or deciduous, chartaceous; petiole base articulated, extrafloral nectaries sometimes present; blade broadly ovate to triangular, margins entire or wavy. |
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Inflorescences | axillary, erect or spreading, racemelike, 2–20 cm, axes glabrous or scabrid; peduncle 0.1–6 cm or absent, glabrous or scabrid. |
terminal and spikelike, or terminal and axillary and paniclelike or racemelike, pedunculate or not. |
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Pedicels | ascending or spreading to deflexed, articulated distally, 4–8 mm, glabrous. |
present. |
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Flowers | bisexual, 2–6 per ocreate fascicle; perianth accrescent in fruit, greenish white or pinkish, 3.5–7 mm including stipelike base, glabrous; tepals elliptic to obovate, apex obtuse to acute, outer 3 winged; stamens 8; filaments flattened proximally, pubescent proximally; styles connate; stigmas capitate. |
bisexual, or bisexual and unisexual, some plants with bisexual flowers, other plants with only pistallate flowers 1–5 per ocreate fascicle, base stipelike; perianth usually accrescent in fruit, pale green or white to pink, campanulate, glabrous or, rarely, with blunt, hyaline hairs; tepals 5, connate nearly completely or only basally, petaloid, dimorphic, outer 3 winged or keeled, larger than inner 2; stamens 6–8; filaments distinct, free, glabrous or pubescent proximally; anthers yellow to pink or red, ovate to elliptic; styles 3, spreading, connate basally or nearly completely; stigmas capitate, fimbriate, or peltate. |
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Achenes | included, black, 2–4 × 1.8–2.4 mm, shiny, smooth; fruiting perianth glabrous, wings flat or, less often, undulate or crinkled, 1.5–2 mm wide, usually truncate or attenuate-decurrent on stipelike base nearly to articulation, margins entire or rarely undulate-crenate. |
included or exserted, brown to dark brown or black, not winged, 3-gonous, glabrous. |
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Seeds | embryo straight. |
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Vines | or herbs, annual or perennial; roots fibrous or woody; sometimes rhizomatous. |
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x | = 10, 11. |
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2n | = 20. |
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Fallopia dumetorum |
Fallopia |
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Phenology | Flowering Jul–Oct. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Habitat | Hedges, wood borders, fields, waste ground | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Elevation | 0-300 m (0-1000 ft) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Distribution |
AL; AR; CT; DC; DE; FL; GA; IA; IL; IN; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MO; MS; NC; NH; NJ; NY; OH; OK; PA; RI; SC; TN; TX; VA; VT; WI; WV; ON; QC; Europe; Asia [Introduced in North America]
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South America; North America (including Mexico); Europe; Asia; Africa |
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Discussion | Because of similarity to Fallopia scandens, specimens of F. dumetorum often are misidentified. Consequently, the range of F. dumetorum in North America is unclear; it is probably exaggerated in most floras. Mature fruiting perianths provide the most reliable characters distinguishing Fallopia dumetorum from F. scandens. European specimens of F. dumetorum, have fruiting perianths that are consistently orbiculate in outline, with wings usually flat and abruptly contracted on the stipelike perianth bases. Fallopia scandens has fruiting perianths that are obovate in outline, with wings undulate and gradually decurrent on the stipelike perianth bases. Additional characteristics reported to distinguish F. dumetorum from F. scandens are its annual habit (F. scandens also is reported to be annual in some of the literature) and more triangular leaf blades with cordate or sagittate bases. In recognizing F. dumetorum, we follow S. T. Kim et al. (2000) and M. H. Kim et al. (2000), who concluded from limited morphological and flavonoid data that the taxa are best treated as distinct species. More detailed studies may prove the two to be conspecific. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Species ca. 12 (8 in the flora). Chromosome number and habit traditionally have been used to separate Fallopia (x = 10; climbing or sprawling, fibrous-rooted annuals and perennials) from Reynoutria (x = 11; erect, rhizomatous perennials). J. P. Bailey and C. A. Stace (1992) presented evidence to the contrary. Fallopia often is included in a broader concept of Polygonum but is distinguished by a syndrome of anatomical and morphological characters (K. Haraldson 1978; Hong S. P. et al. 1998; L.-P. Ronse Decraene and J. R. Akeroyd 1988; Ronse Decraene et al. 2000). Molecular data confirm its close relationship to Polygonum in the narrow sense (A. S. Lamb Frye and K. A. Kron 2003). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
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Key |
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Source | FNA vol. 5, p. 546. | FNA vol. 5, p. 541. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Parent taxa | Polygonaceae > subfam. Polygonoideae > Fallopia | Polygonaceae > subfam. Polygonoideae | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sibling taxa | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Synonyms | Polygonum dumetorum, Bilderdykia scandens var. dumetorum, Polygonum scandens var. dumetorum, Reynoutria scandens var. dumetorum, Tiniaria dumetorum | Bilderdykia | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Name authority | (Linnaeus) Holub: Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 6: 176. (1971) | Adanson: Fam. Pl. 2: 277, 557. (1763) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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