Euthamia graminifolia
Euthamia caroliniana
common goldentop, common grass-leaf-goldenrod, flat-top goldentop, fragrant goldenrod, grass-leaf goldenrod, grass-leaf goldentop, verge d'or à feuilles de graminées
coastal plain goldentop, coastal plain grass-leaf-goldenrod, slender goldentop
(commonly branched in distal 1/4) glabrous or densely spreading-hirtellous, not glaucous.
(branched distal to midstems) glabrous or glabrate, not glaucous.
spreading to ascending;
blades 3- or 5-nerved, linear to lanceolate, 37–130 × (2.1–)3–12 mm, lengths 7–20 times widths, abruptly to gradually reduced distally, herbaceous to firm-herbaceous, margins scabro-ciliate, apices obtuse to acuminate, faces usually little and obscurely gland-dotted (26–47 dots per mm²), barely viscid (more so on exposed shores), glabrous or densely spreading-hirtellous.
deflexed to erect;
blades 1–5-nerved, linear, 24–70 × 1–3 mm (to 6 mm wide in some Maine and Nova Scotia populations), lengths 7.7–42.2 times widths, abruptly reduced distally, lax- to firm-herbaceous, apices obtuse to long-acuminate, faces abundantly and prominently gland-dotted (34–86 dots per mm2), glabrous, glabrate, or scabro-hirtellous on midnerves.
broadly campanulate to campanulate, 3–5.3 mm.
campanulate to turbinate, 3–4.7(–5.3) mm.
(7–)17–22(–35).
7–17(–25).
(3–)5–7(–13);
corollas 2.6–3.4 mm.
3–22;
corollas 3.3–4.8 mm.
often ± yellow basally, outer (at least) usually green-tipped, outer ovate, inner oblong, apices obtuse or broadly acute.
usually green-tipped, outer ovate, inner oblong-linear, apices obtuse to acute.
glomerulate, usually in flat-topped arrays (1.5–28 cm diam.), 10–28% of plant heights (branches unequal, giving irregular, broken appearance).
pedunculate or glomerulate, usually in flat-topped or rounded arrays 10–40% of plant heights (often with multiple layers, proximal branches 0.5–1 times array heights).
= 18.
= 18.
Euthamia graminifolia
Euthamia caroliniana
Plants with densely hairy leaves and stems have been called var. nuttallii. Though extremes are distinct, the plants cannot be reliably separated rangewide from typical Euthamia graminifolia. Plants called var. major have been distinguished primarily on the basis of leaf dimensions (lengths 8–11 times widths in var. major versus 11–20 in typical E. graminifolia). Overlap is extensive; no discrete boundaries can be drawn.
Euthamia hirtipes was described as a putative hybrid involving a hairy E. graminifolia and a small-headed E. caroliniana (M. L. Fernald 1946d). It combines broad, hairy leaf blades with few-flowered heads, a condition that is not intermediate between the putative parents. D. J. Sieren and J. F. Merrit (1980) and C. E. Taylor (1975) reviewed the plants. Until evidence can be supplied to the contrary, E. hirtipes should be considered a synonym of E. graminifolia.
(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)
J. L. Reveal (1991c) determined that the types of Erigeron carolinianus and Solidago tenuifolia are conspecific.
Southern forms of Euthamia caroliniana tend to have fewer florets per head and narrower, more widely spreading (or even reflexed) leaves. E. L. Greene (1902) named these geographic variants (e.g., E. microcephala, E. microphylla). Overlap occurs in all characters; taxa cannot be confidently separated.
Euthamia galetorum has been considered an endemic restricted to lake shores in Nova Scotia (H. A. Gleason and A. Cronquist 1991; D. J. Sieren 1981). It has been collected from Cape Cod, Massachusetts, and southwestern Maine. Intermediates with E. caroliniana occur, and E. galetorum plants represent the endpoint of a morphologic cline. Most characters used to distinguish the two taxa are environmentally plastic and may not be genetically distinctive.
D. J. Sieren (1981) considered Euthamia caroliniana to be restricted to the Atlantic coastal plain. It occurs disjunctly in the southern Great Lakes region. Sieren considered the disjunct populations conspecific with E. gymnospermoides. H. A. Gleason and A. Cronquist (1991) called them E. remota Greene, related to E. gymnospermoides. The short disc corollas and involucres, narrow leaves, and production of axillary fascicles in some populations show clear relationship to E. caroliniana, from which disjunct plants cannot be reliably separated.
(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)
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