FNA: Euphorbia thymifolia vs. Euphorbia carunculata

	Euphorbia thymifolia	Euphorbia carunculata
	gulf sandmat	sand-dune sandmat or spurge
Habit	Herbs, annual or perennial, with taproot.	Herbs, annual, with taproot.
Stems	prostrate, mat-forming, 15–30 cm, strigose to strigose-tomentulose.	prostrate, spreading and lanky or occasionally mat-forming, ± succulent, 70–150 cm, glabrous.
Leaves	opposite; stipules distinct or slightly connate at base, linear-subulate, entire or slightly parted, 0.9–1.2 mm, strigose-tomentulose; petiole 0.5–1 mm, sparsely strigose-tomentulose; blade broadly elliptic to narrowly oblong or ovate-lanceolate, 3–10 × 1.8–5 mm, base asymmetric, one side usually angled or rounded and the other truncate and expanded into small, rounded auricle, margins serrate (larger leaves) to serrulate (smaller leaves), apex blunt to acute, abaxial surface sparsely tomentulose to glabrate, adaxial surface glabrate; palmately veined at base, pinnate distally.	opposite; stipules usually distinct, occasionally connate basally (primarily at distal nodes), usually divided into 2–5 subulate to subulate-filiform segments, occasionally forming narrow deltate segments (primarily at distal nodes), 0.8–1.8 mm, glabrous; petiole 3.1–6.3 mm, glabrous; blade ovate to elliptic-oblong, 5–26 × 4–12 mm, base subsymmetric to symmetric, rounded to cuneate, margins entire, apex usually mucronate, rarely acute or obtuse, surfaces glabrous; pinnately veined.
Involucre	broadly obconic, becoming distended and distorted by base of partially included capsule, 0.4–0.8 × 0.3–0.5 mm, strigose; glands 4, red, slightly concave, ± unequal, subcircular to broadly oval, 0.1–0.2 × 0.2–0.3 mm; appendages white to pink, usually unequal, occasionally ± equal at distal nodes, elongated toward sinus, sometimes rudimentary, 0.1–0.4 × 0.1–0.3 mm, distal margin entire or crenulate.	campanulate, 1.1–1.8 × 1.5–2.5 mm, glabrous; glands 4, yellowish, sessile or short stipitate, circular to oblong, 0.5–0.7 × 0.5–0.8 mm; appendages white to yellowish, ovate to oblong, occasionally rudimentary, (0–)0.8–1.2 × 0.8–1.5 mm, distal margin entire.
Staminate flowers	3–5.	15–25.
Pistillate flowers	ovary densely strigose; styles 0.4–0.5 mm, 2-fid 1/2 length.	ovary glabrous; styles 0.7–1 mm, 2-fid 1/2 length.
Capsules	conic to truncate-ovoid, scarcely exserted from involucre, base often remaining inside involucre and splitting one side of it during maturation, 0.9–1.2 × 1–1.2 mm, sparsely to moderately strigose; columella 0.6–1 mm.	ovoid, 4.7–5.5(–6) × 3.6–5.1 mm, glabrous; columella 4.3–5.1 mm.
Seeds	white, tan underneath coat, ovoid to narrowly ovoid, sharply 4-angled in cross section, 0.8–0.9 × 0.4–0.6 mm, with 4 low transverse ridges often slightly extending into angles, not sulcate.	grayish white to reddish brown mottled, bottle-shaped, strongly dorsiventrally compressed and weakly 3-angled in cross section, (2.8–)4.1–5.2 × 1.2–2(–3.4) mm, smooth; carunclelike structure linear, 0.4–0.5 × 0.1–0.2 mm.
Cyathia	usually in small, cymose clusters on congested, axillary branches; peduncle (0–)0.1–0.3 mm.	solitary at distal nodes; peduncle 1.4–3.6 mm.

	Euphorbia thymifolia	Euphorbia carunculata
Phenology	Flowering and fruiting midsummer–early fall.	Flowering and fruiting summer–fall.
Habitat	Disturbed areas, often near salt water.	Sand dunes.
Elevation	0–20 m. (0–100 ft.)	400–1300 m. (1300–4300 ft.)
Distribution	FL; LA; Mexico; South America; West Indies [Introduced in Asia, tropical Africa, Australia] [BONAP county map]	KS; NM; OK; TX; Mexico (Chihuahua) [BONAP county map]
Discussion	Euphorbia thymifolia is a widespread tropical and subtropical weed. It is not certain where the species is native, but most likely it originated in the New World and then became widespread in the rest of the tropics. Euphorbia thymifolia is present in the flora area in southern Florida and coastal Louisiana, where it is likely adventive. Euphorbia thymifolia is generally similar to E. maculata but is characterized by its short pistillate pedicels and non-exserted capsules that remain largely enclosed by the involucre and by its unequal involucral gland appendages. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)	Euphorbia carunculata has a highly localized and scattered distribution. The species is restricted to sand dunes and known from only a handful of localities throughout its relatively wide range. The seeds are unique in being bottle-shaped and strongly laterally compressed, and unlike other members of sect. Anisophyllum, there is a minute, linear, carunclelike protuberance at the hilum. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)
Source	FNA vol. 12, p. 291.	FNA vol. 12, p. 262.
Parent taxa	Euphorbiaceae > Euphorbia > sect. Anisophyllum	Euphorbiaceae > Euphorbia > sect. Anisophyllum
Sibling taxa	E. aaron-rossii, E. abramsiana, E. acuta, E. agraria, E. albomarginata, E. alta, E. angusta, E. antisyphilitica, E. arizonica, E. astyla, E. austrotexana, E. bicolor, E. bifurcata, E. bilobata, E. blodgettii, E. bombensis, E. brachycera, E. capitellata, E. carunculata, E. chaetocalyx, E. chamaesula, E. cinerascens, E. commutata, E. conferta, E. cordifolia, E. corollata, E. crenulata, E. cumulicola, E. cuphosperma, E. curtisii, E. cyathophora, E. cyparissias, E. davidii, E. deltoidea, E. dendroides, E. dentata, E. discoidalis, E. eriantha, E. exigua, E. exserta, E. exstipulata, E. falcata, E. fendleri, E. florida, E. floridana, E. garberi, E. georgiana, E. geyeri, E. glyptosperma, E. golondrina, E. gracillima, E. graminea, E. helioscopia, E. helleri, E. heterophylla, E. hexagona, E. hirta, E. hooveri, E. humistrata, E. hypericifolia, E. hyssopifolia, E. indivisa, E. innocua, E. inundata, E. ipecacuanhae, E. jaegeri, E. jejuna, E. laredana, E. lasiocarpa, E. lata, E. lathyris, E. longicruris, E. lurida, E. macropus, E. maculata, E. marginata, E. meganaesos, E. melanadenia, E. mendezii, E. mercurialina, E. mesembrianthemifolia, E. micromera, E. misera, E. missurica, E. myrsinites, E. nephradenia, E. nutans, E. oblongata, E. ocellata, E. ophthalmica, E. ouachitana, E. parishii, E. parryi, E. pediculifera, E. peplidion, E. peplus, E. perennans, E. pergamena, E. pinetorum, E. platyphyllos, E. platysperma, E. polycarpa, E. polygonifolia, E. polyphylla, E. porteriana, E. prostrata, E. pubentissima, E. purpurea, E. radians, E. rayturneri, E. revoluta, E. roemeriana, E. rosescens, E. schizoloba, E. serpens, E. serpillifolia, E. serrata, E. serrula, E. setiloba, E. simulans, E. spathulata, E. stictospora, E. strictior, E. telephioides, E. terracina, E. tetrapora, E. texana, E. theriaca, E. tithymaloides, E. trachysperma, E. trichotoma, E. vallis-mortae, E. velleriflora, E. vermiculata, E. villifera, E. virgata, E. wrightii, E. yaquiana	E. aaron-rossii, E. abramsiana, E. acuta, E. agraria, E. albomarginata, E. alta, E. angusta, E. antisyphilitica, E. arizonica, E. astyla, E. austrotexana, E. bicolor, E. bifurcata, E. bilobata, E. blodgettii, E. bombensis, E. brachycera, E. capitellata, E. chaetocalyx, E. chamaesula, E. cinerascens, E. commutata, E. conferta, E. cordifolia, E. corollata, E. crenulata, E. cumulicola, E. cuphosperma, E. curtisii, E. cyathophora, E. cyparissias, E. davidii, E. deltoidea, E. dendroides, E. dentata, E. discoidalis, E. eriantha, E. exigua, E. exserta, E. exstipulata, E. falcata, E. fendleri, E. florida, E. floridana, E. garberi, E. georgiana, E. geyeri, E. glyptosperma, E. golondrina, E. gracillima, E. graminea, E. helioscopia, E. helleri, E. heterophylla, E. hexagona, E. hirta, E. hooveri, E. humistrata, E. hypericifolia, E. hyssopifolia, E. indivisa, E. innocua, E. inundata, E. ipecacuanhae, E. jaegeri, E. jejuna, E. laredana, E. lasiocarpa, E. lata, E. lathyris, E. longicruris, E. lurida, E. macropus, E. maculata, E. marginata, E. meganaesos, E. melanadenia, E. mendezii, E. mercurialina, E. mesembrianthemifolia, E. micromera, E. misera, E. missurica, E. myrsinites, E. nephradenia, E. nutans, E. oblongata, E. ocellata, E. ophthalmica, E. ouachitana, E. parishii, E. parryi, E. pediculifera, E. peplidion, E. peplus, E. perennans, E. pergamena, E. pinetorum, E. platyphyllos, E. platysperma, E. polycarpa, E. polygonifolia, E. polyphylla, E. porteriana, E. prostrata, E. pubentissima, E. purpurea, E. radians, E. rayturneri, E. revoluta, E. roemeriana, E. rosescens, E. schizoloba, E. serpens, E. serpillifolia, E. serrata, E. serrula, E. setiloba, E. simulans, E. spathulata, E. stictospora, E. strictior, E. telephioides, E. terracina, E. tetrapora, E. texana, E. theriaca, E. thymifolia, E. tithymaloides, E. trachysperma, E. trichotoma, E. vallis-mortae, E. velleriflora, E. vermiculata, E. villifera, E. virgata, E. wrightii, E. yaquiana
Synonyms	Chamaesyce thymifolia	Chamaesyce carunculata
Name authority	Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 1: 454. (1753)	Waterfall: Rhodora 50: 63. (1948)
Web links	Local Web sites: LA Plants WildflowerSearch iNaturalist (observations) USDA Plants Database LBJ Wildflower Center SEINet Plants of the World Online Encyclopedia of Life Wikipedia Google Image Search	Local Web sites: KS Wildflowers WildflowerSearch iNaturalist (observations) USDA Plants Database LBJ Wildflower Center SEINet Plants of the World Online Encyclopedia of Life Wikipedia Google Image Search

Euphorbia carunculata

gulf sandmat

sand-dune sandmat or spurge

Habit

Herbs, annual or perennial, with taproot.

Herbs, annual, with taproot.

Stems

prostrate, mat-forming, 15–30 cm, strigose to strigose-tomentulose.

prostrate, spreading and lanky or occasionally mat-forming, ± succulent, 70–150 cm, glabrous.

Leaves

opposite;

stipules distinct or slightly connate at base, linear-subulate, entire or slightly parted, 0.9–1.2 mm, strigose-tomentulose;

petiole 0.5–1 mm, sparsely strigose-tomentulose;

blade broadly elliptic to narrowly oblong or ovate-lanceolate, 3–10 × 1.8–5 mm, base asymmetric, one side usually angled or rounded and the other truncate and expanded into small, rounded auricle, margins serrate (larger leaves) to serrulate (smaller leaves), apex blunt to acute, abaxial surface sparsely tomentulose to glabrate, adaxial surface glabrate; palmately veined at base, pinnate distally.

opposite;

stipules usually distinct, occasionally connate basally (primarily at distal nodes), usually divided into 2–5 subulate to subulate-filiform segments, occasionally forming narrow deltate segments (primarily at distal nodes), 0.8–1.8 mm, glabrous;

petiole 3.1–6.3 mm, glabrous;

blade ovate to elliptic-oblong, 5–26 × 4–12 mm, base subsymmetric to symmetric, rounded to cuneate, margins entire, apex usually mucronate, rarely acute or obtuse, surfaces glabrous; pinnately veined.

Involucre

broadly obconic, becoming distended and distorted by base of partially included capsule, 0.4–0.8 × 0.3–0.5 mm, strigose;

glands 4, red, slightly concave, ± unequal, subcircular to broadly oval, 0.1–0.2 × 0.2–0.3 mm;

appendages white to pink, usually unequal, occasionally ± equal at distal nodes, elongated toward sinus, sometimes rudimentary, 0.1–0.4 × 0.1–0.3 mm, distal margin entire or crenulate.

campanulate, 1.1–1.8 × 1.5–2.5 mm, glabrous;

glands 4, yellowish, sessile or short stipitate, circular to oblong, 0.5–0.7 × 0.5–0.8 mm;

appendages white to yellowish, ovate to oblong, occasionally rudimentary, (0–)0.8–1.2 × 0.8–1.5 mm, distal margin entire.

Staminate flowers

3–5.

15–25.

Pistillate flowers

ovary densely strigose;

styles 0.4–0.5 mm, 2-fid 1/2 length.

ovary glabrous;

styles 0.7–1 mm, 2-fid 1/2 length.

Capsules

conic to truncate-ovoid, scarcely exserted from involucre, base often remaining inside involucre and splitting one side of it during maturation, 0.9–1.2 × 1–1.2 mm, sparsely to moderately strigose;

columella 0.6–1 mm.

ovoid, 4.7–5.5(–6) × 3.6–5.1 mm, glabrous;

columella 4.3–5.1 mm.

Seeds

white, tan underneath coat, ovoid to narrowly ovoid, sharply 4-angled in cross section, 0.8–0.9 × 0.4–0.6 mm, with 4 low transverse ridges often slightly extending into angles, not sulcate.

grayish white to reddish brown mottled, bottle-shaped, strongly dorsiventrally compressed and weakly 3-angled in cross section, (2.8–)4.1–5.2 × 1.2–2(–3.4) mm, smooth; carunclelike structure linear, 0.4–0.5 × 0.1–0.2 mm.

Cyathia

usually in small, cymose clusters on congested, axillary branches;

peduncle (0–)0.1–0.3 mm.

solitary at distal nodes;

peduncle 1.4–3.6 mm.

Euphorbia thymifolia

Euphorbia carunculata

Phenology

Flowering and fruiting midsummer–early fall.

Flowering and fruiting summer–fall.

Habitat

Disturbed areas, often near salt water.

Sand dunes.

Elevation

0–20 m. (0–100 ft.)

400–1300 m. (1300–4300 ft.)

Distribution

FL; LA; Mexico; South America; West Indies [Introduced in Asia, tropical Africa, Australia]

[BONAP county map]

KS; NM; OK; TX; Mexico (Chihuahua)

[BONAP county map]

Discussion

Euphorbia thymifolia is a widespread tropical and subtropical weed. It is not certain where the species is native, but most likely it originated in the New World and then became widespread in the rest of the tropics. Euphorbia thymifolia is present in the flora area in southern Florida and coastal Louisiana, where it is likely adventive. Euphorbia thymifolia is generally similar to E. maculata but is characterized by its short pistillate pedicels and non-exserted capsules that remain largely enclosed by the involucre and by its unequal involucral gland appendages.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Euphorbia carunculata has a highly localized and scattered distribution. The species is restricted to sand dunes and known from only a handful of localities throughout its relatively wide range. The seeds are unique in being bottle-shaped and strongly laterally compressed, and unlike other members of sect. Anisophyllum, there is a minute, linear, carunclelike protuberance at the hilum.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Source

FNA vol. 12, p. 291.

FNA vol. 12, p. 262.

Parent taxa

Euphorbiaceae > Euphorbia > sect. Anisophyllum

Sibling taxa

E. aaron-rossii, E. abramsiana, E. acuta, E. agraria, E. albomarginata, E. alta, E. angusta, E. antisyphilitica, E. arizonica, E. astyla, E. austrotexana, E. bicolor, E. bifurcata, E. bilobata, E. blodgettii, E. bombensis, E. brachycera, E. capitellata, E. carunculata, E. chaetocalyx, E. chamaesula, E. cinerascens, E. commutata, E. conferta, E. cordifolia, E. corollata, E. crenulata, E. cumulicola, E. cuphosperma, E. curtisii, E. cyathophora, E. cyparissias, E. davidii, E. deltoidea, E. dendroides, E. dentata, E. discoidalis, E. eriantha, E. exigua, E. exserta, E. exstipulata, E. falcata, E. fendleri, E. florida, E. floridana, E. garberi, E. georgiana, E. geyeri, E. glyptosperma, E. golondrina, E. gracillima, E. graminea, E. helioscopia, E. helleri, E. heterophylla, E. hexagona, E. hirta, E. hooveri, E. humistrata, E. hypericifolia, E. hyssopifolia, E. indivisa, E. innocua, E. inundata, E. ipecacuanhae, E. jaegeri, E. jejuna, E. laredana, E. lasiocarpa, E. lata, E. lathyris, E. longicruris, E. lurida, E. macropus, E. maculata, E. marginata, E. meganaesos, E. melanadenia, E. mendezii, E. mercurialina, E. mesembrianthemifolia, E. micromera, E. misera, E. missurica, E. myrsinites, E. nephradenia, E. nutans, E. oblongata, E. ocellata, E. ophthalmica, E. ouachitana, E. parishii, E. parryi, E. pediculifera, E. peplidion, E. peplus, E. perennans, E. pergamena, E. pinetorum, E. platyphyllos, E. platysperma, E. polycarpa, E. polygonifolia, E. polyphylla, E. porteriana, E. prostrata, E. pubentissima, E. purpurea, E. radians, E. rayturneri, E. revoluta, E. roemeriana, E. rosescens, E. schizoloba, E. serpens, E. serpillifolia, E. serrata, E. serrula, E. setiloba, E. simulans, E. spathulata, E. stictospora, E. strictior, E. telephioides, E. terracina, E. tetrapora, E. texana, E. theriaca, E. tithymaloides, E. trachysperma, E. trichotoma, E. vallis-mortae, E. velleriflora, E. vermiculata, E. villifera, E. virgata, E. wrightii, E. yaquiana

E. aaron-rossii, E. abramsiana, E. acuta, E. agraria, E. albomarginata, E. alta, E. angusta, E. antisyphilitica, E. arizonica, E. astyla, E. austrotexana, E. bicolor, E. bifurcata, E. bilobata, E. blodgettii, E. bombensis, E. brachycera, E. capitellata, E. chaetocalyx, E. chamaesula, E. cinerascens, E. commutata, E. conferta, E. cordifolia, E. corollata, E. crenulata, E. cumulicola, E. cuphosperma, E. curtisii, E. cyathophora, E. cyparissias, E. davidii, E. deltoidea, E. dendroides, E. dentata, E. discoidalis, E. eriantha, E. exigua, E. exserta, E. exstipulata, E. falcata, E. fendleri, E. florida, E. floridana, E. garberi, E. georgiana, E. geyeri, E. glyptosperma, E. golondrina, E. gracillima, E. graminea, E. helioscopia, E. helleri, E. heterophylla, E. hexagona, E. hirta, E. hooveri, E. humistrata, E. hypericifolia, E. hyssopifolia, E. indivisa, E. innocua, E. inundata, E. ipecacuanhae, E. jaegeri, E. jejuna, E. laredana, E. lasiocarpa, E. lata, E. lathyris, E. longicruris, E. lurida, E. macropus, E. maculata, E. marginata, E. meganaesos, E. melanadenia, E. mendezii, E. mercurialina, E. mesembrianthemifolia, E. micromera, E. misera, E. missurica, E. myrsinites, E. nephradenia, E. nutans, E. oblongata, E. ocellata, E. ophthalmica, E. ouachitana, E. parishii, E. parryi, E. pediculifera, E. peplidion, E. peplus, E. perennans, E. pergamena, E. pinetorum, E. platyphyllos, E. platysperma, E. polycarpa, E. polygonifolia, E. polyphylla, E. porteriana, E. prostrata, E. pubentissima, E. purpurea, E. radians, E. rayturneri, E. revoluta, E. roemeriana, E. rosescens, E. schizoloba, E. serpens, E. serpillifolia, E. serrata, E. serrula, E. setiloba, E. simulans, E. spathulata, E. stictospora, E. strictior, E. telephioides, E. terracina, E. tetrapora, E. texana, E. theriaca, E. thymifolia, E. tithymaloides, E. trachysperma, E. trichotoma, E. vallis-mortae, E. velleriflora, E. vermiculata, E. villifera, E. virgata, E. wrightii, E. yaquiana

Synonyms

Chamaesyce thymifolia

Chamaesyce carunculata

Name authority

Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 1: 454. (1753)

Waterfall: Rhodora 50: 63. (1948)

Web links

Unless otherwise noted, all data comes from the online version of the Flora of North America, who have made most of their content available via a Creative Commons license (CC BY 4.0).

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Euphorbia thymifolia

Euphorbia carunculata

Euphorbia thymifolia

Euphorbia carunculata