Flora of North America species comparison

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Euphorbia terracina

Euphorbia geyeri

carnation spurge, Geraldton carnation weed, terracina spurge

Geyer's sandmat, Geyer's spurge
Habit Herbs, perennial or biennial, with taproot. Herbs, annual, with taproot.
Stems

erect, unbranched or branched, 10–100 cm, glabrous.

prostrate or slightly ascending, loosely mat-forming, 4–25(–45) cm, glabrous.
Leaves

petiole absent;

blade linear, linear-lanceolate, oblong-elliptic, or obovate, 4–50 × 2–10 mm, base obtuse or truncate, margins finely serrulate, apex acute, obtuse, or truncate, sometimes mucronulate, surfaces glabrous;

venation inconspicuous, only midvein prominent.

opposite;

stipules usually distinct, occasionally connate basally on lower side, usually deeply parted into 3 or more filiform segments, 0.7–1.5 mm, glabrous;

petiole 1–2 mm, glabrous;

blade oblong to oblong-obovate or oblong-elliptic, 4–12 × 2–6 mm, base slightly asymmetric, angled or rounded, with one side usually expanded into small, rounded auricle, margins entire, apex usually truncate, occasionally emarginate, abaxial surface pale grayish green, both surfaces glabrous;

only midvein conspicuous or venation obscurely pinnate (larger leaves).
Involucre

cupulate to slightly turbinate, 1.1–2 × 1.3–1.5 mm, glabrous or puberulent;

glands 4, elliptic to trapezoidal, 0.6–0.8 × 1–2 mm;

horns slightly convergent to divergent, 1–2 mm.

broadly campanulate, 1–1.5 × 0.7–0.9 mm, glabrous;

glands 4, green to reddish, elliptic-oblong to nearly circular, slightly cupped to folded, 0.2–0.4 × 0.2–0.6 mm;

appendages rudimentary to absent or white to reddish-tinged, usually rounded, sometimes pointed, (0–)0.5–1 × (0–)0.1–1.2 mm, distal margin entire or slightly toothed.
Staminate flowers

15–20.

5–20.
Pistillate flowers

ovary glabrous;

styles 1–1.8 mm, 2-fid.

ovary glabrous;

styles 0.2–0.6 mm, 2-fid nearly 1/2 length.
Capsules

depressed-globose, 2.5–3 × 3–4.5 mm, deeply 3-lobed;

cocci rounded to subangular, smooth, glabrous;

columella 1.9–2.3 mm.

globose-ovoid, 1.5–2 × 1.5–3 mm, glabrous;

columella 1.5–1.9 mm.
Seeds

pale gray, subovoid, 1.6–2.4 × 1.3–1.8 mm, smooth;

caruncle boat-shaped, 0.4–0.6 × 0.4–0.6 mm.

ashy white, ovoid, terete to bluntly subangled in cross section, 1.1–1.7 × 0.9–1.2 mm, smooth, with smooth brown line from top to bottom on adaxial side.
Cyathial

arrangement: terminal pleiochasial branches 2–5, each 1–5 times 2-branched;

pleiochasial bracts lanceolate, elliptic or ovate, similar in size to distal leaves;

dichasial bracts distinct, ovate to subreniform, base cuneate to cordate, margins finely serrulate, apex acute, obtuse, or rounded, sometimes mucronulate or cuspidate;

axillary cymose branches 0–7.

Cyathia

peduncle 1–3 mm.

solitary or in small, cymose clusters at distal nodes;

peduncle 1–2 mm.

Euphorbia terracina

Euphorbia geyeri
Phenology Flowering and fruiting spring–summer.
Habitat Edges of cultivated fields and woodlands, roadsides, waste areas, pastures, coastal bluffs, dunes, riparian areas.
Elevation 0–300 m. (0–1000 ft.)
Distribution
from FNA
CA; Europe [Introduced in North America; introduced also in Mexico, s Africa, Australia]
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
CO; IA; IL; IN; KS; LA; MI; MN; MO; MS; MT; ND; NE; NM; OK; SD; TX; UT; WI; WY; MB; n Mexico
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Euphorbia terracina is native to the Mediterranean region of Europe. This species is invasive and spreading rapidly, displacing native coastal scrub in southern California, and has been listed as a noxious weed by that state.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Varieties 2 (2 in the flora).

The two varieties of Euphorbia geyeri have been distinguished in large part by the presence of conspicuous involucral gland appendages in var. geyeri and the lack of appendages in var. wheeleriana. The two varieties are recognized here, but the variation in the size and presence of involucral gland appendages in the closely related E. bombensis suggests that this might be a somewhat variable character in this group of species.

Euphorbia geyeri is widespread throughout the central United States in sandy soils. Populations at the eastern edge of the range are often considered adventive (for example, sandy soils along railroad grades in Michigan). Euphorbia geyeri resembles E. glyptosperma (both being entirely glabrous), but that species has serrulate leaves (near the apex) and strongly angled, transverse-ridged seeds whereas E. geyeri has entire leaves and smooth, rounded seeds.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)
Key
1. Involucral gland appendages present; staminate flowers 5–9; seeds 1.1–1.4(–1.6) mm.
var. geyeri
1. Involucral gland appendages absent or rudimentary; staminate flowers 10–20; seeds 1.6–1.7 mm.
var. wheeleriana
Source FNA vol. 12, p. 310. FNA vol. 12, p. 268.
Parent taxa Euphorbiaceae > Euphorbia > subg. Esula Euphorbiaceae > Euphorbia > sect. Anisophyllum
Sibling taxa
E. aaron-rossii, E. abramsiana, E. acuta, E. agraria, E. albomarginata, E. alta, E. angusta, E. antisyphilitica, E. arizonica, E. astyla, E. austrotexana, E. bicolor, E. bifurcata, E. bilobata, E. blodgettii, E. bombensis, E. brachycera, E. capitellata, E. carunculata, E. chaetocalyx, E. chamaesula, E. cinerascens, E. commutata, E. conferta, E. cordifolia, E. corollata, E. crenulata, E. cumulicola, E. cuphosperma, E. curtisii, E. cyathophora, E. cyparissias, E. davidii, E. deltoidea, E. dendroides, E. dentata, E. discoidalis, E. eriantha, E. exigua, E. exserta, E. exstipulata, E. falcata, E. fendleri, E. florida, E. floridana, E. garberi, E. georgiana, E. geyeri, E. glyptosperma, E. golondrina, E. gracillima, E. graminea, E. helioscopia, E. helleri, E. heterophylla, E. hexagona, E. hirta, E. hooveri, E. humistrata, E. hypericifolia, E. hyssopifolia, E. indivisa, E. innocua, E. inundata, E. ipecacuanhae, E. jaegeri, E. jejuna, E. laredana, E. lasiocarpa, E. lata, E. lathyris, E. longicruris, E. lurida, E. macropus, E. maculata, E. marginata, E. meganaesos, E. melanadenia, E. mendezii, E. mercurialina, E. mesembrianthemifolia, E. micromera, E. misera, E. missurica, E. myrsinites, E. nephradenia, E. nutans, E. oblongata, E. ocellata, E. ophthalmica, E. ouachitana, E. parishii, E. parryi, E. pediculifera, E. peplidion, E. peplus, E. perennans, E. pergamena, E. pinetorum, E. platyphyllos, E. platysperma, E. polycarpa, E. polygonifolia, E. polyphylla, E. porteriana, E. prostrata, E. pubentissima, E. purpurea, E. radians, E. rayturneri, E. revoluta, E. roemeriana, E. rosescens, E. schizoloba, E. serpens, E. serpillifolia, E. serrata, E. serrula, E. setiloba, E. simulans, E. spathulata, E. stictospora, E. strictior, E. telephioides, E. tetrapora, E. texana, E. theriaca, E. thymifolia, E. tithymaloides, E. trachysperma, E. trichotoma, E. vallis-mortae, E. velleriflora, E. vermiculata, E. villifera, E. virgata, E. wrightii, E. yaquiana
E. aaron-rossii, E. abramsiana, E. acuta, E. agraria, E. albomarginata, E. alta, E. angusta, E. antisyphilitica, E. arizonica, E. astyla, E. austrotexana, E. bicolor, E. bifurcata, E. bilobata, E. blodgettii, E. bombensis, E. brachycera, E. capitellata, E. carunculata, E. chaetocalyx, E. chamaesula, E. cinerascens, E. commutata, E. conferta, E. cordifolia, E. corollata, E. crenulata, E. cumulicola, E. cuphosperma, E. curtisii, E. cyathophora, E. cyparissias, E. davidii, E. deltoidea, E. dendroides, E. dentata, E. discoidalis, E. eriantha, E. exigua, E. exserta, E. exstipulata, E. falcata, E. fendleri, E. florida, E. floridana, E. garberi, E. georgiana, E. glyptosperma, E. golondrina, E. gracillima, E. graminea, E. helioscopia, E. helleri, E. heterophylla, E. hexagona, E. hirta, E. hooveri, E. humistrata, E. hypericifolia, E. hyssopifolia, E. indivisa, E. innocua, E. inundata, E. ipecacuanhae, E. jaegeri, E. jejuna, E. laredana, E. lasiocarpa, E. lata, E. lathyris, E. longicruris, E. lurida, E. macropus, E. maculata, E. marginata, E. meganaesos, E. melanadenia, E. mendezii, E. mercurialina, E. mesembrianthemifolia, E. micromera, E. misera, E. missurica, E. myrsinites, E. nephradenia, E. nutans, E. oblongata, E. ocellata, E. ophthalmica, E. ouachitana, E. parishii, E. parryi, E. pediculifera, E. peplidion, E. peplus, E. perennans, E. pergamena, E. pinetorum, E. platyphyllos, E. platysperma, E. polycarpa, E. polygonifolia, E. polyphylla, E. porteriana, E. prostrata, E. pubentissima, E. purpurea, E. radians, E. rayturneri, E. revoluta, E. roemeriana, E. rosescens, E. schizoloba, E. serpens, E. serpillifolia, E. serrata, E. serrula, E. setiloba, E. simulans, E. spathulata, E. stictospora, E. strictior, E. telephioides, E. terracina, E. tetrapora, E. texana, E. theriaca, E. thymifolia, E. tithymaloides, E. trachysperma, E. trichotoma, E. vallis-mortae, E. velleriflora, E. vermiculata, E. villifera, E. virgata, E. wrightii, E. yaquiana
Subordinate taxa
E. geyeri var. geyeri, E. geyeri var. wheeleriana
Synonyms Tithymalus terracinus Chamaesyce geyeri
Name authority Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. ed. 2, 1: 654. (1762) Engelmann: Boston J. Nat. Hist. 5: 260. (1845)
Web links 
Unless otherwise noted, all data comes from the online version of the Flora of North America, who have made most of their content available via a Creative Commons license (CC BY 4.0).



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