Euphorbia serpens |
Euphorbia innocua |
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creeping spurge, Matted sandmat, Matted spurge, round-leafed spurge |
velvet spurge |
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Habit | Herbs, annual, with slender taproot. | Herbs, perennial, with moderately to strongly thickened rootstock. |
Stems | prostrate, frequently mat-forming and rooting at nodes, 15–50 cm, glabrous. |
prostrate to decumbent or ascending, branched (often near base), 7–45 cm, densely pilose. |
Leaves | opposite; stipules connate into conspicuous, deltate scale, white to pink, membranaceous, 0.5–1(–1.2) mm, glabrous; petiole less than 1 mm, glabrous; blade ovate, oblong or orbiculate, 2–7(–9) × 2–6 mm, base asymmetric, rounded to subcordate, margins entire, apex rounded, surfaces without red blotch, glabrous; usually only midvein conspicuous. |
alternate; stipules to 0.1 mm; petiole (0.7–)1.1–3.5 mm, pilose; blade ovate to orbiculate, 4.6–17(–25) × 4.5–15(–19) mm, base cordate, margins entire, apex rounded to obtuse, surfaces densely pilose; venation obscure, usually only midvein conspicuous. |
Involucre | campanulate to turbinate, 0.3–0.7(–1) × 0.4–0.6 mm, glabrous; glands 4, yellow, oblong, 0.1 × 0.2 mm; appendages white to pinkish, equal, forming narrow rim at edge of gland, 0.1–0.2 × 0.2–0.3 mm, distal margin entire or crenulate. |
campanulate, 1–1.3 × 1.2–1.4 mm, pilose; glands 4, yellow to green, elliptic, 0.2–0.3 × 0.5–0.6 mm; appendages green, elliptic, 0.4–0.5 × 0.5–0.9 mm, entire or crenulate, ciliate. |
Staminate flowers | 5–10. |
5–10. |
Pistillate flowers | ovary glabrous; styles 0.2 mm, 2-fid 1/2 to nearly entire length. |
ovary pilose; styles 0.4–0.7 mm, 2-fid 1/2 length. |
Capsules | broadly ovoid, oblate, or subglobose, 1.3–1.4 × 1.3–1.7 mm, glabrous; columella (0.9–)1–1.2 mm. |
depressed-ovoid, 2–2.5 × 2.7–3.3 mm, pilose; columella 1.6–2.1 mm. |
Seeds | white to gray or light pink, ovoid, bluntly 3–4-angled in cross section, 0.7–1.1 × 0.4–0.7 mm, smooth. |
gray to brown, ovoid, 1.5–1.7 × 1.2–1.3 mm, rugose with whitish ridges; caruncle absent. |
Cyathia | solitary at distal nodes; peduncle 0.5–1(–2.5) mm. |
in terminal dichasia (often weakly defined); peduncle 1–2.7 mm, densely pilose. |
Euphorbia serpens |
Euphorbia innocua |
|
Phenology | Flowering and fruiting year-round (in warmer areas) or summer (in temperate regions). | Flowering and fruiting early winter–late spring. |
Habitat | Mostly sandy or well-drained soils, desert scrub, coastal scrub, chaparral, oak and juniper woodlands, sand dunes, riparian forests, mesquite grasslands, prairies, coniferous and deciduous hardwood forests, disturbed areas. | Sandy soils or dunes, grasslands, pastures. |
Elevation | 0–2000 m. (0–6600 ft.) | 0–20 m. (0–100 ft.) |
Distribution |
AL; AR; AZ; CA; CO; FL; GA; IA; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MI; MO; MS; MT; ND; NE; NJ; NM; OH; OK; PA; SD; TN; TX; UT; VT; WY; ON; SK; Mexico; Central America; South America; West Indies; Bermuda [Introduced in Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia]
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TX |
Discussion | Euphorbia serpens is one of the most widespread species of the genus in the New World. While it may be indigenous to a portion of the flora area, probably in the warmer, southern part of its range, it is weedy and has likely been introduced in many parts of the flora area, such as Canada and the eastern United States. It is also widely distributed in the Old World, where it is certainly introduced. The strictly prostrate habit with stems rooting at the nodes is characteristic. Euphorbia serpens is often confused with E. albomarginata, a species distributed in the southwestern United States; in addition to the features mentioned in the key, an easy and reliable way to distinguish between them is by the size of the involucral gland appendages: those of E. albomarginata are conspicuous to the naked eye, whereas those of E. serpens are inconspicuous. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Euphorbia innocua is restricted to south coastal Texas in Aransas, Calhoun, Kenedy, Kleberg, Nueces, Refugio, San Patricio, and Willacy counties. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 12, p. 286. | FNA vol. 12, p. 247. |
Parent taxa | Euphorbiaceae > Euphorbia > sect. Anisophyllum | Euphorbiaceae > Euphorbia > sect. Alectoroctonum |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | Chamaesyce serpens | |
Name authority | Kunth: in A. von Humboldt et al., Nov. Gen. Sp. 2(fol.): 41; 2(qto.): 52. (1817) | L. C. Wheeler: Contr. Gray Herb. 127: 62, plate 3, fig. D. (1939) |
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