Euphorbia polycarpa |
Euphorbia exserta |
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smallseed sandmat |
coastal sand spurge, maroon or purple sand spurge |
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Habit | Herbs, perennial, with spreading rootstock. | |
Stems | erect or ascending, unbranched or branched, solitary, few, or occasionally densely clumped, previous year's dead stems not persistent, 20–33 cm, usually glabrous, rarely sparsely villous, glaucescent. |
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Leaves | alternate; stipules less than 0.1 mm; petiole (0–)1–3 mm, glabrous; blade linear or linear-elliptic to obovate or orbiculate, proximal greatly reduced, scalelike, 15–30 × 1–20 mm, base cuneate to rounded, margins entire, apex rounded, broadly acute, or emarginate, surfaces glabrous, glaucescent; venation often obscure on narrow leaves, midvein conspicuous. |
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Involucre | usually dark red, campanulate, 1.3–1.6 × 1.4–2.1 mm, glabrous; glands 5, usually dark red, rarely greenish red, elliptic reniform, thickened, 0.3–0.5 × 0.8 mm; appendages white or green, often forming narrow rim around distal margin of gland, 0–0.2 mm, entire. |
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Staminate flowers | 20–25. |
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Pistillate flowers | ovary glabrous; styles 0.4–0.8 mm, 2-fid at apex. |
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Capsules | depressed-globose, 1.8–2.5 × 3.6–4.4 mm, glabrous; columella 1.9–2.4 mm. |
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Seeds | ashy white, ovoid, 2.1 × 1.3 mm, angled with 5 blunt longitudinal ridges, with shallow and irregular pits; caruncle absent. |
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Euphorbia | polycarpa is a highly variable species distributed throughout the Baja California peninsula, eastern Sonora, and the arid southwestern United States from southwestern Arizona to southern Nevada and central California. |
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l | . |
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c | . |
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Wheeler | (1941) divided the species into seven varieties, the majority of which occur in Baja California Sur. |
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He | reported two of these for the United States: var. hirtella and var. polycarpa. |
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Variety | hirtella, as the name suggests, was applied to hairy plants. |
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However | , it is here treated as a synonym of var. polycarpa, because variation in pubescence shows no geographic segregation and ranges along a continuum from glabrous or sparsely to densely hairy, and because glabrous and hairy branches can occur on the same individual. |
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Cyathia | usually in terminal dichasia, sometimes pleiochasia; peduncle 6–33 mm, filiform, glabrous. |
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Euphorbia polycarpa |
Euphorbia exserta |
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Phenology | Flowering and fruiting spring–summer. | |
Habitat | Xeric to dry pine-oak scrub of sand hills, pine-oak woodlands, pine-oak savannas. | |
Elevation | 0–150 m. (0–500 ft.) | |
Distribution |
AZ; CA; NV; nw Mexico
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FL; GA; NC; SC; VA
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Discussion | Varieties 5 (1 in the flora). Some of the varieties occurring in Mexico are highly divergent and appear to be sufficiently distinct to merit recognition as species. However, within the flora area, Euphorbia polycarpa is relatively uniform, and the only noteworthy variation involves the size of the involucral gland appendages. In the portion of the California Floristic Province occupied by E. polycarpa (Los Angeles, Orange, western Riverside, western San Diego, and Ventura counties) the appendages are conspicuously larger than those of plants throughout the remainder of its range in the southwestern United States (0.4–1.2 versus 0.1–0.3 mm). Large-appendaged plants are also common in Baja California and correspond well with the type collection. The taxonomic significance of this variation is not clear at this time, and the small-appendaged plants may merit segregation as an infraspecific taxon. However, no formal changes are proposed, awaiting a comprehensive review of the species throughout its range. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
K. R. Park (1998) recognized both Euphorbia exserta and E. gracilior as distinct species, with the former known only from the holotype. However, this treatment follows M. J. Huft (1997) and treats E. gracilior as a synonym of E. exserta. Although the type of E. exserta is unusual in having greenish red (versus dark red) cyathia and glands, as well as small gland appendages, it is otherwise typical of the species as a whole, including features such as the upright habit, reddish coloration, scalelike proximal leaves, and filiform peduncles to 30 mm that are also common to plants formerly treated as E. gracilior. Euphorbia gracilis Elliott, which has sometimes been applied to E. exserta, is an illegitimate name (a later homonym of E. gracilis Loiseleur-Deslongchamps) and pertains here. The upright habit and usually dark red cyathia and glands distinguish Euphorbia exserta from the otherwise similar E. ipecacuanhae, while the glaucescent vegetative parts and smaller gland appendages readily separate E. exserta from the similar E. curtisii. Euphorbia exserta is found on the Gulf and Atlantic coastal plains. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 12, p. 283. | FNA vol. 12, p. 246. |
Parent taxa | Euphorbiaceae > Euphorbia > sect. Anisophyllum | Euphorbiaceae > Euphorbia > sect. Alectoroctonum |
Sibling taxa | ||
Subordinate taxa | ||
Synonyms | Chamaesyce polycarpa | Tithymalopsis exserta, E. gracilior, T. gracilis |
Name authority | Bentham: Bot. Voy. Sulphur, 50. (1844) | (Small) Coker: Pl. Life Hartsville, 88. (1912) |
Web links |