Euphorbia nutans |
Euphorbia innocua |
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eyebane, eyebane sandmat, eyebane spurge, nodding or upright spotted spurge, nodding spurge |
velvet spurge |
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Habit | Herbs, annual, with taproot. | Herbs, perennial, with moderately to strongly thickened rootstock. |
Stems | usually ascending, occasionally erect, often arched at tips, 20–80 cm, sparsely to moderately pilose to villous or with short, incurved hairs, hairs often concentrated at nodes and distally, occasionally in 2 bands along opposite sides of stem. |
prostrate to decumbent or ascending, branched (often near base), 7–45 cm, densely pilose. |
Leaves | opposite; stipules usually distinct, sometimes connate basally on one side of stem, small scales, irregularly toothed, fringed, or divided, 1–1.5 mm, sparsely to moderately villous distally; petiole 0.3–1.6 mm, moderately pilose to villous; blade oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 8–40 × 3–12 mm, base asymmetric, one side usually angled or rounded, other side ± truncate to cordate-auriculate, margins serrulate, apex angled with blunt tip, abaxial surface pale green or faintly to strongly reddish tinged, adaxial surface usually reddish-mottled or with conspicuous reddish spot, both surfaces usually sparsely to moderately pilose, especially toward base, sometimes glabrous; 3–5-veined from base, pinnate distally, veins faint. |
alternate; stipules to 0.1 mm; petiole (0.7–)1.1–3.5 mm, pilose; blade ovate to orbiculate, 4.6–17(–25) × 4.5–15(–19) mm, base cordate, margins entire, apex rounded to obtuse, surfaces densely pilose; venation obscure, usually only midvein conspicuous. |
Involucre | narrowly obconic, 0.5–1 × 0.3–0.7 mm, glabrous; glands 4, usually green, sometimes reddish purple, oblong to nearly circular, 0.2–0.4 × 0.3–0.5 mm; appendages white or pinkish, ovate to broadly elliptic, 0.2–1 × 0.2–1.5 mm, distal margin entire. |
campanulate, 1–1.3 × 1.2–1.4 mm, pilose; glands 4, yellow to green, elliptic, 0.2–0.3 × 0.5–0.6 mm; appendages green, elliptic, 0.4–0.5 × 0.5–0.9 mm, entire or crenulate, ciliate. |
Staminate flowers | 5–28. |
5–10. |
Pistillate flowers | ovary glabrous; styles 0.6–2.5 mm, 2-fid 1/2 length. |
ovary pilose; styles 0.4–0.7 mm, 2-fid 1/2 length. |
Capsules | ovoid, 1.6–2.3 × 1.5–2.4 mm, glabrous; columella 1.4–1.6 mm. |
depressed-ovoid, 2–2.5 × 2.7–3.3 mm, pilose; columella 1.6–2.1 mm. |
Seeds | dark brown, sometimes with thin, white coating (often more persistent along angles than faces), elliptic-ovoid to ovoid, rounded-angular in cross section, 1–1.6 × 0.5–0.8 mm, surface finely and irregularly wrinkled, sometimes faintly so, or with indistinct, shallow, rounded cross ridges. |
gray to brown, ovoid, 1.5–1.7 × 1.2–1.3 mm, rugose with whitish ridges; caruncle absent. |
Cyathia | solitary at distal nodes or in small, cymose clusters at branch tips; peduncle 0.5–2.5 mm. |
in terminal dichasia (often weakly defined); peduncle 1–2.7 mm, densely pilose. |
2n | = 12, 14, 22. |
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Euphorbia nutans |
Euphorbia innocua |
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Phenology | Flowering and fruiting spring–early fall. | Flowering and fruiting early winter–late spring. |
Habitat | Stream banks, pond edges, disturbed portions of upland prairies, mesic to dry upland forest openings, pastures, fallow fields, railroads, roadsides, gardens, disturbed areas. | Sandy soils or dunes, grasslands, pastures. |
Elevation | 0–1600 m. (0–5200 ft.) | 0–20 m. (0–100 ft.) |
Distribution |
AL; AR; CA; CT; DE; FL; GA; IA; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; MI; MN; MO; MS; NC; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NM; NY; OH; OK; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; TX; VA; VT; WI; WV; WY; ON; QC; Mexico; Central America; South America; West Indies [Introduced in Eurasia]
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TX |
Discussion | Euphorbia nutans is probably native to at least central and eastern North America, but given its strongly weedy tendencies, it is difficult to know where it may be adventive in parts of the flora area. It is certainly introduced where it occurs in the Old World and probably in South America as well. D. G. Burch (1966) discussed the problems of assigning names to the four main entities in this nomenclatural complex (E. hypericifolia, E. hyssopifolia, E. lasiocarpa, and E. nutans) and determined that the oldest valid name for the relatively robust, temperate North American plants with ascending stems is E. nutans. See the treatment of 56. E. maculata for a discussion of the misapplication of that name to E. nutans. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Euphorbia innocua is restricted to south coastal Texas in Aransas, Calhoun, Kenedy, Kleberg, Nueces, Refugio, San Patricio, and Willacy counties. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 12, p. 278. | FNA vol. 12, p. 247. |
Parent taxa | Euphorbiaceae > Euphorbia > sect. Anisophyllum | Euphorbiaceae > Euphorbia > sect. Alectoroctonum |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | Chamaesyce lansingii, C. nutans, E. lansingii, E. preslii | |
Name authority | Lagasca: Gen. Sp. Pl., 17. (1816) | L. C. Wheeler: Contr. Gray Herb. 127: 62, plate 3, fig. D. (1939) |
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