Euphorbia marginata |
Euphorbia alta |
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euphorbe marginée, mountain snow spurge, smoke-on-the-prairie, snow-on-the-mountain, variegated spurge, whitemargined spurge |
giant spurge, roughpod spurge, tall spurge, warty spurge |
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Habit | Herbs, annual, with taproot. | Herbs, annual or biennial, with taproot. |
Stems | erect, unbranched or branched, 30–85(–150) cm, pilose or glabrous. |
erect, branched, 20–60 cm, glabrous. |
Leaves | alternate; stipules 0.1–0.3 mm; petiole 0.2–3 mm, glabrous or minutely pilose; blade broadly ovate to elliptic, 32–62(–82) × 18–28(–52) mm, base rounded to cuneate, margins entire, often white on distal leaves, apex acute, rarely mucronate, surfaces glabrous; venation obscure, only midvein conspicuous. |
petiole 0–1 mm; blade oblong-spatulate, 20–50 × 7–18 mm, base broadly attenuate, margins serrulate, apex rounded to obtuse, surfaces glabrous, ± glaucous; venation pinnate, midvein prominent. |
Involucre | campanulate, 2.2–3.5 × 1.3–2.3 mm, margin between glands deeply divided into fringe of fimbriate lobes, pilose; glands 4–5, green to greenish yellow, reniform to subcircular, 0.7–1.1 × 1–1.6 mm; appendages white, orbiculate, 1.5–2.7 × 1.9–2.9(–3.6) mm, entire. |
narrowly campanulate, 0.8–1.1 × 1.1–1.3 mm, glabrous; glands 4, elliptic, 0.3–0.5 × 0.5–0.7 mm; horns absent. |
Staminate flowers | 30–70. |
5–10. |
Pistillate flowers | ovary pilose; styles 1–2.5 mm, 2-fid 1/2–2/3 length. |
ovary glabrous; styles 0.5–0.9 mm, 2-fid. |
Capsules | oblate, 3–5 × 3.5–7.5 mm, moderately to densely pilose; columella 3–4.1 mm. |
depressed-globose, 2–3 × 2.5–3.5 mm, 3-lobed; cocci rounded, papillate, papillae 0.2–0.5 mm, glabrous; columella 1.5–1.9 mm. |
Seeds | orange-tan to gray, ovoid, 3.7–3.9 × 3–3.3 mm, rugose, with 2 transverse ridges (one dark orange to brown, other inconspicuous); caruncle absent. |
purple-black, ovoid, 1.6–2 × 1.3–1.7 mm, reticulate and areolate; caruncle reniform, flat, 0.5 × 0.7 mm. |
Cyathia | in terminal pleiochasia, dichasial bracts narrowly elliptic to oblanceolate with conspicuous white margins; peduncle 1.8–2.7(–22) mm, densely pilose. |
peduncle 0.5–1 mm. |
Cyathial | arrangement: terminal pleiochasial branches 3, 2–3 times 2-branched; pleiochasial bracts elliptic-oblanceolate to oblong, similar in size to distal leaves; dichasial bracts distinct, broadly ovate to orbiculate/reniform, base obtuse, margins serrulate, apex obtuse to rounded and often mucronulate; axillary cymose branches 6–20(–25). |
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2n | = 56. |
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Euphorbia marginata |
Euphorbia alta |
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Phenology | Flowering and fruiting summer–fall. | Flowering and fruiting summer. |
Habitat | Disturbed areas and grasslands. | Montane pine-oak and mixed conifer forests, disturbed roadsides, logged areas. |
Elevation | 0–1700 m. (0–5600 ft.) | 1500–3000 m. (4900–9800 ft.) |
Distribution |
AR; CA; CO; CT; IA; IL; IN; KS; LA; MA; MD; MI; MN; MO; MT; NC; NE; NH; NM; NY; OH; OK; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; TX; UT; VA; WI; WV; WY; MB; ON; QC; SK; c Mexico; s Mexico
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AZ; NM; Mexico
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Discussion | Euphorbia marginata is native to the central United States. The type specimen was collected by Meriwether Lewis along the Yellowstone River in southern Montana in 1806, and it has been reported to be native as far south as Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas, and as far east as southern Minnesota, western Iowa, and Missouri (G. Yatskievych 1999–2013, vol. 2). It is presumably naturalized outside of this area. Euphorbia marginata is widely cultivated as an ornamental for its showy, white-margined distal leaves, and it can escape locally. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Euphorbia alta is a montane species from southern Arizona, New Mexico, and northern and central Mexico that is very similar to and sometimes difficult to distinguish from E. spathulata. Euphorbia alta tends to be a robust biennial, whereas E. spathulata is strictly annual. The most consistent characteristic to separate these two species is that the ovaries and capsules of E. alta are distinctly papillate, with the papillae rising sharply above the surface, whereas the ovaries and capsules of E. spathulata are merely verrucose, with the protuberances lower and rounded. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 12, p. 248. | FNA vol. 12, p. 298. |
Parent taxa | Euphorbiaceae > Euphorbia > sect. Alectoroctonum | Euphorbiaceae > Euphorbia > subg. Esula |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | E. bonplandii, Lepadena marginata | Tithymalus altus |
Name authority | Pursh: Fl. Amer. Sept. 2: 607. (1813) | Norton: N. Amer. Euphorbia, 24, plate 24. (1899) |
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