Flora of North America species comparison

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Euphorbia lathyris

Euphorbia austrotexana

caper spurge, euphorbe épurge, gopher plant, gopher spurge, mole plant
Habit Herbs, annual or biennial, with taproot. Herbs, annual, with taproot.
Stems

erect, unbranched or branched, 200 cm, glabrous, glaucous.

erect, usually branched near base, 6–22 cm, glabrous.
Leaves

opposite, decussate;

petiole absent;

blade linear to oblong-lanceolate, 30–120 × 3–25 mm, base acute, rounded, cordate or clasping, margins entire, apex acute or subobtuse, sometimes mucronate, surfaces glabrous, abaxial ± glaucous;

venation pinnate, midvein prominent.

petiole absent;

blade linear to slightly lanceolate or linear-oblanceolate, 5–18 × 0.5–2.5 mm, base linear attenuate, margins entire, apex rounded to obtuse or acute, surfaces glabrous;

venation pinnate, midvein prominent.
Involucre

campanulate, 1.2–2.3 × 1.4–2.5 mm, glabrous;

glands 4, elliptic, 0.3–0.6 × 1–1.3 mm;

horns divergent, thick, tips rounded, dilated, 0.5–1.4 mm.

infundibular, 0.8–1.1 × 0.6–0.9 mm, glabrous;

glands 4, crescent-shaped; 0.2–0.4 × 0.5–0.6 mm;

horns divergent, 0.5–0.7 mm.
Staminate flowers

25–30.

5–10.
Pistillate flowers

ovary glabrous;

styles 0.7–2.2 mm, 2-fid.

ovary glabrous;

styles 0.3–0.5 mm, 2-fid.
Capsules

depressed-globose, 9–12 × 12–16 mm, deeply 3-lobed, tardily dehiscent and appearing indehiscent, mesocarp spongy;

cocci rounded, smooth, glabrous;

columella 4–5.2 mm.

ovoid-globose, 1.8–2.2 × 3–3.2 mm, slightly 3-lobed;

cocci rounded, smooth, glabrous;

columella 1.5–2 mm.
Seeds

brownish or blackish, oblong, 4.5–6 × 3–4.2 mm, rugose, irregularly reticulate;

caruncle substipitate, hat-shaped, 1.6–2 × 1.2–1.5 mm.

white to gray, ellipsoid, 1.4–1.7 × 1–1.3 mm, with deep, irregular to rounded, shallow to concave depressions over entire surface;

caruncle reniform-ovate, depressed-conic, 0.5–0.7 × 0.7–1 mm.
Cyathial

arrangement: terminal pleiochasial branches 2–4, each 1–2 times 2-branched;

pleiochasial bracts cordate-lanceolate, shorter and wider than distal leaves;

dichasial bracts distinct, ovate-oblong to lanceolate, base subcordate, margins entire, apex acute;

axillary cymose branches 0–10.

arrangement: terminal pleiochasial branches 3, 1–3 times 2-branched;

pleiochasial bracts similar in shape to but slightly shorter and wider than distal leaves;

dichasial bracts distinct, not imbricate, reniform-ovate to subdeltate-ovate or broadly ovate-lanceolate, base obliquely truncate to rounded, margins entire, apex obtuse to broadly acuminate;

axillary cymose branches 0–3.
Cyathia

peduncle 0–0.5 mm.

peduncle 0–0.5 mm.

Euphorbia lathyris

Euphorbia austrotexana
Phenology Flowering and fruiting winter–fall.
Habitat Roadsides, cultivated fields, stream banks, waste places.
Elevation 0–1800 m. (0–5900 ft.)
Distribution
from FNA
AZ; CA; CT; ID; IL; MA; MD; MT; NC; OH; OR; PA; SC; TN; TX; VA; WA; WV; BC; ON; QC; Europe; Asia; Africa [Introduced in North America; introduced also in Mexico, South America, Australia]
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
TX
Discussion

Euphorbia lathyris is most likely native to the central and eastern Mediterranean region, but it is widely cultivated and often locally escaped in temperate regions worldwide, as in the flora area.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Varieties 2 (2 in the flora).

Euphorbia austrotexana occurs in stabilized sandy soil in the south Texas plains (M. H. Mayfield 2013). It is similar to E. longicruris but differs from that species in its often narrowly oblanceolate to linear leaves and its white to gray, ellipsoid seeds that are covered with minute, concave depressions.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)
Key
1. Stems 10–22 cm; leaf blades linear-oblanceolate, apices rounded; dichasial bracts reniform-ovate to subdeltate-ovate, bases truncate; seeds 1.6–1.7 × 1.1–1.3 mm, surfaces with regular concave depressions; Atascosa, Bexar, Wilson counties.
var. austrotexana
1. Stems 6–13 cm; leaf blades linear to slightly lanceolate, apices acute; dichasial bracts broadly ovate-lanceolate, bases rounded; seeds 1.4–1.5 × 1–1.1 mm, surfaces with irregular, not obviously concave depressions; Jim Hogg, Kenedy counties.
var. carrii
Source FNA vol. 12, p. 304. FNA vol. 12, p. 298.
Parent taxa Euphorbiaceae > Euphorbia > subg. Esula Euphorbiaceae > Euphorbia > subg. Esula
Sibling taxa
E. aaron-rossii, E. abramsiana, E. acuta, E. agraria, E. albomarginata, E. alta, E. angusta, E. antisyphilitica, E. arizonica, E. astyla, E. austrotexana, E. bicolor, E. bifurcata, E. bilobata, E. blodgettii, E. bombensis, E. brachycera, E. capitellata, E. carunculata, E. chaetocalyx, E. chamaesula, E. cinerascens, E. commutata, E. conferta, E. cordifolia, E. corollata, E. crenulata, E. cumulicola, E. cuphosperma, E. curtisii, E. cyathophora, E. cyparissias, E. davidii, E. deltoidea, E. dendroides, E. dentata, E. discoidalis, E. eriantha, E. exigua, E. exserta, E. exstipulata, E. falcata, E. fendleri, E. florida, E. floridana, E. garberi, E. georgiana, E. geyeri, E. glyptosperma, E. golondrina, E. gracillima, E. graminea, E. helioscopia, E. helleri, E. heterophylla, E. hexagona, E. hirta, E. hooveri, E. humistrata, E. hypericifolia, E. hyssopifolia, E. indivisa, E. innocua, E. inundata, E. ipecacuanhae, E. jaegeri, E. jejuna, E. laredana, E. lasiocarpa, E. lata, E. longicruris, E. lurida, E. macropus, E. maculata, E. marginata, E. meganaesos, E. melanadenia, E. mendezii, E. mercurialina, E. mesembrianthemifolia, E. micromera, E. misera, E. missurica, E. myrsinites, E. nephradenia, E. nutans, E. oblongata, E. ocellata, E. ophthalmica, E. ouachitana, E. parishii, E. parryi, E. pediculifera, E. peplidion, E. peplus, E. perennans, E. pergamena, E. pinetorum, E. platyphyllos, E. platysperma, E. polycarpa, E. polygonifolia, E. polyphylla, E. porteriana, E. prostrata, E. pubentissima, E. purpurea, E. radians, E. rayturneri, E. revoluta, E. roemeriana, E. rosescens, E. schizoloba, E. serpens, E. serpillifolia, E. serrata, E. serrula, E. setiloba, E. simulans, E. spathulata, E. stictospora, E. strictior, E. telephioides, E. terracina, E. tetrapora, E. texana, E. theriaca, E. thymifolia, E. tithymaloides, E. trachysperma, E. trichotoma, E. vallis-mortae, E. velleriflora, E. vermiculata, E. villifera, E. virgata, E. wrightii, E. yaquiana
E. aaron-rossii, E. abramsiana, E. acuta, E. agraria, E. albomarginata, E. alta, E. angusta, E. antisyphilitica, E. arizonica, E. astyla, E. bicolor, E. bifurcata, E. bilobata, E. blodgettii, E. bombensis, E. brachycera, E. capitellata, E. carunculata, E. chaetocalyx, E. chamaesula, E. cinerascens, E. commutata, E. conferta, E. cordifolia, E. corollata, E. crenulata, E. cumulicola, E. cuphosperma, E. curtisii, E. cyathophora, E. cyparissias, E. davidii, E. deltoidea, E. dendroides, E. dentata, E. discoidalis, E. eriantha, E. exigua, E. exserta, E. exstipulata, E. falcata, E. fendleri, E. florida, E. floridana, E. garberi, E. georgiana, E. geyeri, E. glyptosperma, E. golondrina, E. gracillima, E. graminea, E. helioscopia, E. helleri, E. heterophylla, E. hexagona, E. hirta, E. hooveri, E. humistrata, E. hypericifolia, E. hyssopifolia, E. indivisa, E. innocua, E. inundata, E. ipecacuanhae, E. jaegeri, E. jejuna, E. laredana, E. lasiocarpa, E. lata, E. lathyris, E. longicruris, E. lurida, E. macropus, E. maculata, E. marginata, E. meganaesos, E. melanadenia, E. mendezii, E. mercurialina, E. mesembrianthemifolia, E. micromera, E. misera, E. missurica, E. myrsinites, E. nephradenia, E. nutans, E. oblongata, E. ocellata, E. ophthalmica, E. ouachitana, E. parishii, E. parryi, E. pediculifera, E. peplidion, E. peplus, E. perennans, E. pergamena, E. pinetorum, E. platyphyllos, E. platysperma, E. polycarpa, E. polygonifolia, E. polyphylla, E. porteriana, E. prostrata, E. pubentissima, E. purpurea, E. radians, E. rayturneri, E. revoluta, E. roemeriana, E. rosescens, E. schizoloba, E. serpens, E. serpillifolia, E. serrata, E. serrula, E. setiloba, E. simulans, E. spathulata, E. stictospora, E. strictior, E. telephioides, E. terracina, E. tetrapora, E. texana, E. theriaca, E. thymifolia, E. tithymaloides, E. trachysperma, E. trichotoma, E. vallis-mortae, E. velleriflora, E. vermiculata, E. villifera, E. virgata, E. wrightii, E. yaquiana
Subordinate taxa
E. austrotexana var. austrotexana, E. austrotexana var. carrii
Synonyms Galarhoeus lathyris, Tithymalus lathyris
Name authority Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 1: 457. (1753) — (as lathyrus) Mayfield: J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 7: 634, figs. 1, 2[row 3, left & center]. (2013)
Web links 
Unless otherwise noted, all data comes from the online version of the Flora of North America, who have made most of their content available via a Creative Commons license (CC BY 4.0).



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