Euphorbia lathyris |
Euphorbia arizonica |
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caper spurge, euphorbe épurge, gopher plant, gopher spurge, mole plant |
Arizona sandmat, Arizona spurge |
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Habit | Herbs, annual or biennial, with taproot. | Herbs, annual or short-lived perennial, with slender to slightly thickened taproot. |
Stems | erect, unbranched or branched, 200 cm, glabrous, glaucous. |
erect to ascending, 10–30 cm, uniformly pilose with glistening hairs. |
Leaves | opposite, decussate; petiole absent; blade linear to oblong-lanceolate, 30–120 × 3–25 mm, base acute, rounded, cordate or clasping, margins entire, apex acute or subobtuse, sometimes mucronate, surfaces glabrous, abaxial ± glaucous; venation pinnate, midvein prominent. |
opposite; stipules distinct, deltate, (0–)0.1 mm, glabrous or with few scattered hairs; petiole 0.4–1.5 mm, pilose with glistening hairs; blade usually ovate, rarely elliptic, 3–11 × 2–7 mm, base asymmetric, one side cuneate to rounded, other side rounded to strongly cordate, margins entire, apex obtuse or acute, surfaces pilose with glistening hairs; 3-veined from base but usually only midvein conspicuous. |
Involucre | campanulate, 1.2–2.3 × 1.4–2.5 mm, glabrous; glands 4, elliptic, 0.3–0.6 × 1–1.3 mm; horns divergent, thick, tips rounded, dilated, 0.5–1.4 mm. |
urceolate, 1.1–1.3 × 0.5–0.9 mm, glabrous or pilose with glistening hairs; glands 4, dark maroon, usually oblong to reniform, rarely almost circular, 0.2 × 0.2–0.4 mm; appendages white to pink, oblong, flabellate, oblong, or elliptic, 0.3–0.6 × 0.6–0.9 mm, distal margin entire or crenulate. |
Staminate flowers | 25–30. |
5–12. |
Pistillate flowers | ovary glabrous; styles 0.7–2.2 mm, 2-fid. |
ovary pilose, styles 0.5–0.6 mm, 2-fid 1/2 length. |
Capsules | depressed-globose, 9–12 × 12–16 mm, deeply 3-lobed, tardily dehiscent and appearing indehiscent, mesocarp spongy; cocci rounded, smooth, glabrous; columella 4–5.2 mm. |
broadly ovoid to subglobose, 1.4–1.8 mm diam., pilose; columella 1.1–1.4 mm. |
Seeds | brownish or blackish, oblong, 4.5–6 × 3–4.2 mm, rugose, irregularly reticulate; caruncle substipitate, hat-shaped, 1.6–2 × 1.2–1.5 mm. |
gray to light brown, ovoid, 4-angled in cross section, 0.9–1.1 × 0.5–0.6 mm, rugose with 2–5 irregular transverse ridges that sometimes pass through abaxial keel. |
Cyathial | arrangement: terminal pleiochasial branches 2–4, each 1–2 times 2-branched; pleiochasial bracts cordate-lanceolate, shorter and wider than distal leaves; dichasial bracts distinct, ovate-oblong to lanceolate, base subcordate, margins entire, apex acute; axillary cymose branches 0–10. |
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Cyathia | peduncle 0–0.5 mm. |
solitary at distal nodes; peduncle 0.7–3.6 mm. |
Euphorbia lathyris |
Euphorbia arizonica |
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Phenology | Flowering and fruiting winter–fall. | Flowering and fruiting year-round in response to sufficient moisture. |
Habitat | Roadsides, cultivated fields, stream banks, waste places. | Washes and rocky slopes, sometimes on limestone, desert scrub communities often with creosote-bush, riparian forests, mesquite woodlands, oak chaparral. |
Elevation | 0–1800 m. (0–5900 ft.) | 100–1400 m. (300–4600 ft.) |
Distribution |
AZ; CA; CT; ID; IL; MA; MD; MT; NC; OH; OR; PA; SC; TN; TX; VA; WA; WV; BC; ON; QC; Europe; Asia; Africa [Introduced in North America; introduced also in Mexico, South America, Australia]
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AZ; CA; NM; TX; Mexico (Baja California, Baja California Sur, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, Sonora)
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Discussion | Euphorbia lathyris is most likely native to the central and eastern Mediterranean region, but it is widely cultivated and often locally escaped in temperate regions worldwide, as in the flora area. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Euphorbia arizonica is distinctive and easily recognized by its glistening, translucent hairs that appear somewhat glutinous and are most apparent on the stems. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 12, p. 304. | FNA vol. 12, p. 260. |
Parent taxa | Euphorbiaceae > Euphorbia > subg. Esula | Euphorbiaceae > Euphorbia > sect. Anisophyllum |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | Galarhoeus lathyris, Tithymalus lathyris | Chamaesyce arizonica |
Name authority | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 1: 457. (1753) — (as lathyrus) | Engelmann: in W. H. Emory, Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound. 2(1): 186. (1859) |
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