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American ipecac, Carolina ipecac, ipecac spurge
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Boquillas sandmat, canyon spurge, swallow spurge
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| Herbs, perennial, with deep, stout rootstock. |
Herbs, annual, with slender taproot. |
decumbent or slightly ascending, branched, often densely clumped, previous year's dead stems not persistent, 17–27 cm, usually glabrous, rarely sparsely villous. |
prostrate, 5–35 cm, glabrous. |
alternate; stipules 0.1–0.2 mm; petiole (0–)1–2 mm, glabrous; blade usually linear, obovate, or oblanceolate to orbiculate, rarely filiform, proximal greatly reduced, scalelike, 15–70 × 1.5–13 mm gradually smaller proximally, base cuneate, margins entire, apex rounded, broadly acute, or emarginate, surfaces glabrous; venation occasionally obscure on smaller leaves, midvein conspicuous. |
opposite; stipules distinct, subulate, 0.5–0.8 mm, glabrous; petiole 0.8–1 mm, glabrous; blade oblong, ovate-oblong, to narrowly elliptic-oblong, 5–11.5 × 1–4 mm, base asymmetric, cuneate to rounded, margins entire, thickened and often revolute on drying, apex obtuse, surfaces glabrous; only midvein conspicuous. |
yellow or yellow-green, hemispheric, 1–1.2 × 2–2.4 mm, glabrous; glands 5, yellow or yellow-green, obovate or elliptic, 0.7–0.8 × 1–1.2 mm; appendages white or green, often forming narrow rim around distal margin of gland, 0–0.2 mm, entire. |
turbinate, 0.9–1.5 × 0.8–1.3 mm, glabrous; glands 4, occasionally rudimentary, red to purple, deeply concave, subcircular, 0.3–0.4 × 0.3–0.4 mm; appendages white, semilunate to slightly flabellate, 0.1–0.3 × 0.5–0.8 mm, distal margin entire. |
10–20. |
28–40. |
ovary glabrous; styles 0.4–0.8 mm, 2-fid at apex. |
ovary glabrous; styles 0.3–0.4 mm, 2-fid nearly entire length. |
globose, 2.3–3.4 × 3.5–4.2 mm, glabrous; columella 3–3.1 mm. |
broadly ovoid, 1.7–2 × 1.5–1.6 mm, glabrous; columella 1.4–1.7 mm. |
white or brown, ovoid, 2.3–2.5 × 1.5 mm, angular, with 5 longitudinal ridges, shallowly and irregularly pitted; caruncle absent. |
narrowly pyramidal-ovoid, 4-angled in cross section, 1.3–1.5 × 0.6–0.7 mm, with very faint transverse ridges or wrinkles. |
usually in terminal dichasia, sometimes pleiochasia; peduncle 10–50(–70) mm, glabrous. |
solitary at distal nodes; peduncle 0.9–1.5 mm. |
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| Flowering and fruiting early spring–early summer. |
Flowering and fruiting late spring–fall. |
| Pine and pine-oak savannas, pine-oak sand hills, turkey oak scrub, open sand habitats. |
Deep, sandy riverbanks. |
| 0–150 m. (0–500 ft.) |
600 m. (2000 ft.) |
|
CT; DC; DE; GA; MD; NC; NJ; NY; PA; SC; VA
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TX; Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila) |
The vegetative stems of Euphorbia ipecacuanhae are often quite short in proportion to the dichasial or pleiochasial branches, thus superficially plants often appear to have mostly opposite leaves. However, careful examination of the base of the plant will reveal alternate leaves. The leaves are extremely variable in both shape and coloration, and the variation can be pronounced within a population or even on a single plant. M. J. Huft (1979) did not recognize infraspecific taxa within E. ipecacuanhae, and his treatment is followed here. This species is found on the Atlantic coastal plain. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Euphorbia golondrina was first collected on a sandy riverbank at the entrance of Boquillas Canyon on the Texas/Mexico border, and the species appears to be restricted to the vicinity of the Rio Grande in western Texas and northern Mexico. Aside from the type locality at Boquillas Canyon, E. golondrina has been documented from additional locations along the Rio Grande in Brewster, Hudspeth, and Presidio counties in Texas and from northern Coahuila and Chihuahua, Mexico. Phylogenetic data place E. golondrina in a clade of primarily Chihuahuan desert annual and perennial herbaceous species (for example, E. chaetocalyx, E. fendleri, E. perennans, E. simulans, E. spurca, and E theriaca; Y. Yang and P. E. Berry 2011). Euphorbia golondrina is superficially similar to other glabrous species in western Texas (for example, E. micromera and E. theriaca), but E. micromera and E. theriaca either lack involucral gland appendages or have shorter, triangular appendages compared to the typical semilunate appendages in E. golondrina. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
| FNA vol. 12, p. 247. |
FNA vol. 12, p. 269. |
| Euphorbiaceae > Euphorbia > sect. Alectoroctonum |
Euphorbiaceae > Euphorbia > sect. Anisophyllum |
E. aaron-rossii, E. abramsiana, E. acuta, E. agraria, E. albomarginata, E. alta, E. angusta, E. antisyphilitica, E. arizonica, E. astyla, E. austrotexana, E. bicolor, E. bifurcata, E. bilobata, E. blodgettii, E. bombensis, E. brachycera, E. capitellata, E. carunculata, E. chaetocalyx, E. chamaesula, E. cinerascens, E. commutata, E. conferta, E. cordifolia, E. corollata, E. crenulata, E. cumulicola, E. cuphosperma, E. curtisii, E. cyathophora, E. cyparissias, E. davidii, E. deltoidea, E. dendroides, E. dentata, E. discoidalis, E. eriantha, E. exigua, E. exserta, E. exstipulata, E. falcata, E. fendleri, E. florida, E. floridana, E. garberi, E. georgiana, E. geyeri, E. glyptosperma, E. golondrina, E. gracillima, E. graminea, E. helioscopia, E. helleri, E. heterophylla, E. hexagona, E. hirta, E. hooveri, E. humistrata, E. hypericifolia, E. hyssopifolia, E. indivisa, E. innocua, E. inundata, E. jaegeri, E. jejuna, E. laredana, E. lasiocarpa, E. lata, E. lathyris, E. longicruris, E. lurida, E. macropus, E. maculata, E. marginata, E. meganaesos, E. melanadenia, E. mendezii, E. mercurialina, E. mesembrianthemifolia, E. micromera, E. misera, E. missurica, E. myrsinites, E. nephradenia, E. nutans, E. oblongata, E. ocellata, E. ophthalmica, E. ouachitana, E. parishii, E. parryi, E. pediculifera, E. peplidion, E. peplus, E. perennans, E. pergamena, E. pinetorum, E. platyphyllos, E. platysperma, E. polycarpa, E. polygonifolia, E. polyphylla, E. porteriana, E. prostrata, E. pubentissima, E. purpurea, E. radians, E. rayturneri, E. revoluta, E. roemeriana, E. rosescens, E. schizoloba, E. serpens, E. serpillifolia, E. serrata, E. serrula, E. setiloba, E. simulans, E. spathulata, E. stictospora, E. strictior, E. telephioides, E. terracina, E. tetrapora, E. texana, E. theriaca, E. thymifolia, E. tithymaloides, E. trachysperma, E. trichotoma, E. vallis-mortae, E. velleriflora, E. vermiculata, E. villifera, E. virgata, E. wrightii, E. yaquiana |
E. aaron-rossii, E. abramsiana, E. acuta, E. agraria, E. albomarginata, E. alta, E. angusta, E. antisyphilitica, E. arizonica, E. astyla, E. austrotexana, E. bicolor, E. bifurcata, E. bilobata, E. blodgettii, E. bombensis, E. brachycera, E. capitellata, E. carunculata, E. chaetocalyx, E. chamaesula, E. cinerascens, E. commutata, E. conferta, E. cordifolia, E. corollata, E. crenulata, E. cumulicola, E. cuphosperma, E. curtisii, E. cyathophora, E. cyparissias, E. davidii, E. deltoidea, E. dendroides, E. dentata, E. discoidalis, E. eriantha, E. exigua, E. exserta, E. exstipulata, E. falcata, E. fendleri, E. florida, E. floridana, E. garberi, E. georgiana, E. geyeri, E. glyptosperma, E. gracillima, E. graminea, E. helioscopia, E. helleri, E. heterophylla, E. hexagona, E. hirta, E. hooveri, E. humistrata, E. hypericifolia, E. hyssopifolia, E. indivisa, E. innocua, E. inundata, E. ipecacuanhae, E. jaegeri, E. jejuna, E. laredana, E. lasiocarpa, E. lata, E. lathyris, E. longicruris, E. lurida, E. macropus, E. maculata, E. marginata, E. meganaesos, E. melanadenia, E. mendezii, E. mercurialina, E. mesembrianthemifolia, E. micromera, E. misera, E. missurica, E. myrsinites, E. nephradenia, E. nutans, E. oblongata, E. ocellata, E. ophthalmica, E. ouachitana, E. parishii, E. parryi, E. pediculifera, E. peplidion, E. peplus, E. perennans, E. pergamena, E. pinetorum, E. platyphyllos, E. platysperma, E. polycarpa, E. polygonifolia, E. polyphylla, E. porteriana, E. prostrata, E. pubentissima, E. purpurea, E. radians, E. rayturneri, E. revoluta, E. roemeriana, E. rosescens, E. schizoloba, E. serpens, E. serpillifolia, E. serrata, E. serrula, E. setiloba, E. simulans, E. spathulata, E. stictospora, E. strictior, E. telephioides, E. terracina, E. tetrapora, E. texana, E. theriaca, E. thymifolia, E. tithymaloides, E. trachysperma, E. trichotoma, E. vallis-mortae, E. velleriflora, E. vermiculata, E. villifera, E. virgata, E. wrightii, E. yaquiana |
| E. arundelana, Tithymalopsis ipecacuanhae |
Chamaesyce golondrina |
| Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 1: 455. (1753) |
L. C. Wheeler: Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 53: 8. (1940) |
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