Euphorbia humistrata |
Euphorbia polygonifolia |
|
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spreading sandmat |
dune spurge, euphorbe à feuilles de renouée, seaside sandmat, seaside spurge |
|
Habit | Herbs, annual, with taproot. | Herbs, annual, with taproot. |
Stems | prostrate to ascending, usually mat-forming and rooting at nodes, 5–45 cm, sparsely to moderately villous to pilose (densely on young growth). |
usually prostrate, occasionally ascending, 5–30 cm, glabrous. |
Leaves | opposite; stipules distinct, linear-subulate, often irregularly 2- or 3-lobed, 1–1.3 mm, sparsely villous to pilose; petiole 0.5–1.5 mm, sparsely to moderately villous to pilose; blade oblong-ovate to ovate-elliptic or oblong-elliptic, 4–18 × 2.5–8 mm, base strongly asymmetric, one side angled and other rounded to auriculate, margin on longer side serrulate, on shorter side subentire, apex rounded or broadly acute, abaxial surface pale grayish green, sparsely lanulose, adaxial surface usually with irregular reddish streak along midvein, usually glabrate, rarely sparsely lanulose; palmately veined at base, pinnate distally. |
opposite; stipules usually distinct, occasionally connate basally (distal portion of stem), triangular-subulate, entire or divided, 0.8–1.5 mm, glabrous; petiole 1–3 mm, glabrous; blade oblong, linear-oblong, or linear-lanceolate, 5–16 × 2–4 mm, base slightly asymmetric, obtuse or subcordate, margins entire, apex obtuse, often mucronulate, surfaces uniformly green or reddish tinged, glabrous; venation obscure. |
Involucre | obconic, 0.8–1 × 0.6–0.8 mm, sparsely villous to pilose; glands 4, green to yellow-green (turning pink with age), usually ± unequal, narrowly oblong, 0.1–0.2 × 0.2–0.5 mm; appendages white to reddish tinged, lunate, ± irregular and variable in shape, 0.1–0.3 × 0.2–1.5 mm, distal margin crenulate. |
obconic-campanulate, 1.2–1.7 × 1–1.4 mm, glabrous; glands 4, occasionally rudimentary, green-yellow to tan or orange-tinged, occasionally shortly stipitate, usually broadly oval to subcircular, sometimes figure eight-shaped, shallowly cupped, 0.1–0.3 × 0.2–0.4 mm; appendages absent or rudimentary. |
Staminate flowers | 2–5. |
5–14. |
Pistillate flowers | ovary short-sericeous; styles 0.5–0.8 mm, 2-fid 1/2 length. |
ovary glabrous; styles 0.7–1 mm, 2-fid 1/2 length. |
Capsules | ovoid, well exserted from involucre at maturity, 1.3–1.5 × 1.2–1.6 mm, sparsely to moderately short-sericeous; columella 0.9–1.2 mm. |
broadly ovoid, 3–3.5(–4) × (2–)2.4–3 mm, glabrous; columella 2–3 mm. |
Seeds | white to light brown, oblong-ovoid, bluntly angular in cross section, 0.8–1.2 × 0.5–0.9 mm, smooth or papillate. |
ashy white, wedge-shaped to slightly ovoid, weakly dorsiventrally compressed and elliptic-terete to bluntly subangled in cross section, back strongly rounded, face slightly rounded, (2–)2.2–2.8 × 1.6–1.9 mm, smooth or minutely pitted, with smooth brown line from top to bottom on adaxial side. |
Cyathia | solitary at distal nodes; peduncle 0.1–0.6(–2) mm. |
solitary or in small, cymose clusters at distal nodes; peduncle 0.5–5 mm. |
Euphorbia humistrata |
Euphorbia polygonifolia |
|
Phenology | Flowering and fruiting spring–late summer. | Flowering and fruiting early summer–fall. |
Habitat | Stream and river banks, gravel bars, floodplains, pond edges, disturbed fields, railroads, roadsides. | Sandy maritime and freshwater beaches and foredunes. |
Elevation | 0–300 m. (0–1000 ft.) | 0–200 m. (0–700 ft.) |
Distribution |
AL; AR; FL; GA; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MO; MS; OH; OK; TN; TX; VA; WV
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CT; DE; FL; GA; IL; IN; MA; MD; ME; MI; NC; NH; NJ; NY; OH; PA; RI; SC; VA; WI; NB; NS; ON; PE; QC
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Discussion | Euphorbia humistrata is distributed throughout the Mississippi River valley and along other major river systems in the central and eastern United States. There are scattered reports of this species as a waif or as introduced farther north and/or east (for example, Minnesota, New York, North Carolina, Ontario, South Dakota, and Wisconsin), but the authors have not been able to verify these occurrences. Euphorbia humistrata is similar to E. maculata and is often confused with that species in herbaria. It can be distinguished from E. maculata by its tendency to root at the stem nodes, its longer styles, and its seeds that lack low transverse ridges and that are more bluntly angled. When growing side-by-side, E. humistrata has an overall less congested appearance and its cyathia are not as numerous or crowded as those of E. maculata. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Euphorbia polygonifolia is native to coastal beaches and dunes along the Atlantic Ocean from the maritime provinces of Canada south to northern Florida. The species also occurs disjunctly along the shores of the North American Great Lakes. Euphorbia polygonifolia was native to Quebec but is now considered extirpated from the province. It has apparently been introduced in Europe, but it is unclear if it has persisted there (L. C. Wheeler 1941). Immature individuals of this species can be somewhat difficult to distinguish from E. bombensis where their ranges overlap (Virginia to northern Florida). Where they occur together, E. polygonifolia tends to be a pioneer species on the upper beach and foredune front, whereas E. bombensis tends to inhabit areas behind the foredune (R. D. Porcher and D. A. Rayner 2002). Euphorbia polygonifolia can be distinguished also by its larger capsules and larger, wedge-shaped to slightly ovoid seeds. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 12, p. 272. | FNA vol. 12, p. 284. |
Parent taxa | Euphorbiaceae > Euphorbia > sect. Anisophyllum | Euphorbiaceae > Euphorbia > sect. Anisophyllum |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | Chamaesyce humistrata | Chamaesyce polygonifolia |
Name authority | Engelmann: in A. Gray, Manual ed. 2, 386. (1856) | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 1: 455. (1753) |
Web links |