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Mexican fireplant, painted euphorbia

Arizona sandmat, Arizona spurge

Habit Herbs, annual, with taproot. Herbs, annual or short-lived perennial, with slender to slightly thickened taproot.
Stems

erect-ascending, 20–100 cm, sparsely pilose to villous;

branches ± straight.

erect to ascending, 10–30 cm, uniformly pilose with glistening hairs.

Leaves

usually alternate, occasionally opposite proximally;

petiole 10–50 mm, pilose;

blade narrowly lanceolate to elliptic or broadly obovate (then usually pandurate and 4-lobed), often polymorphic on single plants, 30–200 × 20–140 mm, base acute, margins sparsely glandular-serrulate, hirtellous, flat, apex acute to obtuse, abaxial surface sparsely appressed-pilose, adaxial surface sparsely pilosulous to glabrate;

venation pinnate, midvein prominent.

opposite;

stipules distinct, deltate, (0–)0.1 mm, glabrous or with few scattered hairs;

petiole 0.4–1.5 mm, pilose with glistening hairs;

blade usually ovate, rarely elliptic, 3–11 × 2–7 mm, base asymmetric, one side cuneate to rounded, other side rounded to strongly cordate, margins entire, apex obtuse or acute, surfaces pilose with glistening hairs; 3-veined from base but usually only midvein conspicuous.

Involucre

usually campanulate, occasionally nearly hemispheric, 1.5–1.9 × 1.2–1.8 mm, glabrous;

involucral lobes divided into several linear, smooth lobes;

gland 1, yellow-green, stipitate, clavate, 1–1.4 × 1–1.2 mm, opening circular (occasionally flattened from pressing), with annular rim, glabrous;

appendages absent.

urceolate, 1.1–1.3 × 0.5–0.9 mm, glabrous or pilose with glistening hairs;

glands 4, dark maroon, usually oblong to reniform, rarely almost circular, 0.2 × 0.2–0.4 mm;

appendages white to pink, oblong, flabellate, oblong, or elliptic, 0.3–0.6 × 0.6–0.9 mm, distal margin entire or crenulate.

Staminate flowers

8–15.

5–12.

Pistillate flowers

ovary glabrous or puberulent;

styles 0.8–1.3 mm, 2-fid 1/2 to nearly entire length.

ovary pilose, styles 0.5–0.6 mm, 2-fid 1/2 length.

Capsules

broadly ovoid, 2.8–3.8 × 4–5.3 mm, 3-lobed, usually glabrous, rarely sparsely puberulent;

columella 2.1–2.8 mm.

broadly ovoid to subglobose, 1.4–1.8 mm diam., pilose;

columella 1.1–1.4 mm.

Seeds

brown-gray to ashy gray, broadly deltoid, 2.4–2.8 × 1.9–2.4 mm, angular in cross section, dorsal face strongly acute-carinate, tuberculate, with broad rounded tubercles in 2 rows;

caruncle 0.1 mm.

gray to light brown, ovoid, 4-angled in cross section, 0.9–1.1 × 0.5–0.6 mm, rugose with 2–5 irregular transverse ridges that sometimes pass through abaxial keel.

Cyathial

arrangement: terminal dichasial branches usually 2, occasionally reduced to congested cyme, 1–2-branched (often congested and difficult to discern);

pleiochasial bracts 2–4, often whorled, wholly green or paler green at base, similar in shape and size to distal leaves;

dichasial bracts highly reduced, rarely absent in highly congested clusters.

Cyathia

peduncle 0.9–1.5 mm.

solitary at distal nodes;

peduncle 0.7–3.6 mm.

2n

= 28.

Euphorbia heterophylla

Euphorbia arizonica

Phenology Flowering and fruiting nearly year-round. Flowering and fruiting year-round in response to sufficient moisture.
Habitat Disturbed areas, roadsides. Washes and rocky slopes, sometimes on limestone, desert scrub communities often with creosote-bush, riparian forests, mesquite woodlands, oak chaparral.
Elevation 0–500 m. (0–1600 ft.) 100–1400 m. (300–4600 ft.)
Distribution
from USDA
Mexico; Central America; South America [Introduced, Ala., Ariz., Calif., Fla., Ga., La., Miss., N.Mex., Tex.; introduced also in Eurasia, Africa]
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
AZ; CA; NM; TX; Mexico (Baja California, Baja California Sur, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, Sonora)
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Euphorbia heterophylla occurs from the southern United States, where it is likely naturalized, south through Mexico and Central America to South America. Because of its weediness, the precise native range in tropical and subtropical parts of the New World is not well understood. It has become widely established also in warm areas of the Old World. Leaf shape in this species is highly polymorphic within both populations and individuals. Euphorbia heterophylla can appear superficially similar to E. cyathophora but differs in its stipitate, circular involucral glands and its floral bracts that are at most very pale at the base (never colored as is typical in E. cyathophora).

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Euphorbia arizonica is distinctive and easily recognized by its glistening, translucent hairs that appear somewhat glutinous and are most apparent on the stems.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Source FNA vol. 12, p. 323. FNA vol. 12, p. 260.
Parent taxa Euphorbiaceae > Euphorbia > sect. Poinsettia Euphorbiaceae > Euphorbia > sect. Anisophyllum
Sibling taxa
E. aaron-rossii, E. abramsiana, E. acuta, E. agraria, E. albomarginata, E. alta, E. angusta, E. antisyphilitica, E. arizonica, E. astyla, E. austrotexana, E. bicolor, E. bifurcata, E. bilobata, E. blodgettii, E. bombensis, E. brachycera, E. capitellata, E. carunculata, E. chaetocalyx, E. chamaesula, E. cinerascens, E. commutata, E. conferta, E. cordifolia, E. corollata, E. crenulata, E. cumulicola, E. cuphosperma, E. curtisii, E. cyathophora, E. cyparissias, E. davidii, E. deltoidea, E. dendroides, E. dentata, E. discoidalis, E. eriantha, E. exigua, E. exserta, E. exstipulata, E. falcata, E. fendleri, E. florida, E. floridana, E. garberi, E. georgiana, E. geyeri, E. glyptosperma, E. golondrina, E. gracillima, E. graminea, E. helioscopia, E. helleri, E. hexagona, E. hirta, E. hooveri, E. humistrata, E. hypericifolia, E. hyssopifolia, E. indivisa, E. innocua, E. inundata, E. ipecacuanhae, E. jaegeri, E. jejuna, E. laredana, E. lasiocarpa, E. lata, E. lathyris, E. longicruris, E. lurida, E. macropus, E. maculata, E. marginata, E. meganaesos, E. melanadenia, E. mendezii, E. mercurialina, E. mesembrianthemifolia, E. micromera, E. misera, E. missurica, E. myrsinites, E. nephradenia, E. nutans, E. oblongata, E. ocellata, E. ophthalmica, E. ouachitana, E. parishii, E. parryi, E. pediculifera, E. peplidion, E. peplus, E. perennans, E. pergamena, E. pinetorum, E. platyphyllos, E. platysperma, E. polycarpa, E. polygonifolia, E. polyphylla, E. porteriana, E. prostrata, E. pubentissima, E. purpurea, E. radians, E. rayturneri, E. revoluta, E. roemeriana, E. rosescens, E. schizoloba, E. serpens, E. serpillifolia, E. serrata, E. serrula, E. setiloba, E. simulans, E. spathulata, E. stictospora, E. strictior, E. telephioides, E. terracina, E. tetrapora, E. texana, E. theriaca, E. thymifolia, E. tithymaloides, E. trachysperma, E. trichotoma, E. vallis-mortae, E. velleriflora, E. vermiculata, E. villifera, E. virgata, E. wrightii, E. yaquiana
E. aaron-rossii, E. abramsiana, E. acuta, E. agraria, E. albomarginata, E. alta, E. angusta, E. antisyphilitica, E. astyla, E. austrotexana, E. bicolor, E. bifurcata, E. bilobata, E. blodgettii, E. bombensis, E. brachycera, E. capitellata, E. carunculata, E. chaetocalyx, E. chamaesula, E. cinerascens, E. commutata, E. conferta, E. cordifolia, E. corollata, E. crenulata, E. cumulicola, E. cuphosperma, E. curtisii, E. cyathophora, E. cyparissias, E. davidii, E. deltoidea, E. dendroides, E. dentata, E. discoidalis, E. eriantha, E. exigua, E. exserta, E. exstipulata, E. falcata, E. fendleri, E. florida, E. floridana, E. garberi, E. georgiana, E. geyeri, E. glyptosperma, E. golondrina, E. gracillima, E. graminea, E. helioscopia, E. helleri, E. heterophylla, E. hexagona, E. hirta, E. hooveri, E. humistrata, E. hypericifolia, E. hyssopifolia, E. indivisa, E. innocua, E. inundata, E. ipecacuanhae, E. jaegeri, E. jejuna, E. laredana, E. lasiocarpa, E. lata, E. lathyris, E. longicruris, E. lurida, E. macropus, E. maculata, E. marginata, E. meganaesos, E. melanadenia, E. mendezii, E. mercurialina, E. mesembrianthemifolia, E. micromera, E. misera, E. missurica, E. myrsinites, E. nephradenia, E. nutans, E. oblongata, E. ocellata, E. ophthalmica, E. ouachitana, E. parishii, E. parryi, E. pediculifera, E. peplidion, E. peplus, E. perennans, E. pergamena, E. pinetorum, E. platyphyllos, E. platysperma, E. polycarpa, E. polygonifolia, E. polyphylla, E. porteriana, E. prostrata, E. pubentissima, E. purpurea, E. radians, E. rayturneri, E. revoluta, E. roemeriana, E. rosescens, E. schizoloba, E. serpens, E. serpillifolia, E. serrata, E. serrula, E. setiloba, E. simulans, E. spathulata, E. stictospora, E. strictior, E. telephioides, E. terracina, E. tetrapora, E. texana, E. theriaca, E. thymifolia, E. tithymaloides, E. trachysperma, E. trichotoma, E. vallis-mortae, E. velleriflora, E. vermiculata, E. villifera, E. virgata, E. wrightii, E. yaquiana
Synonyms E. geniculata, Poinsettia geniculata, P. heterophylla Chamaesyce arizonica
Name authority Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 1: 453. (1753) Engelmann: in W. H. Emory, Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound. 2(1): 186. (1859)
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