Flora of North America species comparison

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Euphorbia helioscopia

Euphorbia perennans

euphorbe réveille-matin, mad woman's milk, summer spurge, sun spurge, wart spurge, wartweed

perennial sandmat, Terlingua spurge
Habit Herbs, annual, with taproot. Herbs, perennial, with strongly thickened, woody rootstock.
Stems

erect, unbranched or branched, 5–45 cm, usually glabrous or sparsely pilose.

erect, 7–45 cm, glabrous.
Leaves

petiole absent or to 0.5 mm;

blade obovate-spatulate, 4–40 × 2–25 mm, base cuneate, attenuate, or auriculate, margins serrulate, apex rounded, surfaces glabrous;

venation pinnate, midvein prominent.

opposite;

stipules distinct, linear-filiform in (1–)2(–3) segments, 0.3–0.4 mm, glabrous;

petiole 0.8–2 mm, glabrous;

blade ovate or orbiculate-deltate to reniform-deltate, 5–17 × 4–16 mm midstem leaves largest, base symmetric, cuneate, rounded to cordate, margins entire, apex acute to rounded, surfaces glabrous, often glaucous; 3-veined from base, only midvein conspicuous.
Involucre

cupulate, 1.5–2 × 0.7–1.1 mm, glabrous;

glands 4, elliptic, 0.2–0.5 × 0.5–1 mm;

horns absent.

broadly-campanulate to hemispheric, 1.7–2.2 × 1.5–2.7 mm, glabrous;

glands 4, green to yellow-green, elliptic to oblong, folded longitudinally, 0.3–0.5 × 0.7–1.4 mm;

appendages absent.
Staminate flowers

10–15.

35–45.
Pistillate flowers

ovary glabrous;

styles 0.7–1 mm, 2-fid.

ovary glabrous;

styles 0.7–0.9 mm, 2-fid nearly entire length.
Capsules

depressed-globose, 2.5–4 × 3.2–4.2 mm, clearly 3-lobed;

cocci rounded, smooth, glabrous;

columella 0.9–1.1 mm.

subglobose to broadly ovoid, 2.8–3.3 × 2.8–3.4 mm, glabrous;

columella 2.2–2.7 mm.
Seeds

dark brown to blackish, subovoid, 1.6–2.2 × 1.5–1.9 mm, reticulate;

caruncle elliptic, 0.9–1.1 × 0.4–0.5 mm.

white to light brown, ovoid, 3–4-angled in cross section, 2–2.4 × 1–1.2 mm, smooth to faintly transverse-wrinkled.
Cyathial

arrangement: terminal pleiochasial branches (3–)5, each 1–2 times 2-branched;

pleiochasial bracts obovate, wider than distal leaves;

dichasial bracts distinct, obovate or rhombic, ± oblique, base rounded, truncate, or attenuate, margins serrulate, apex rounded;

axillary cymose branches 0.

Cyathia

peduncle 0.2–1 mm.

solitary at distal nodes or at nodes of short, axillary branches;

peduncle 1.8–3 mm.

Euphorbia helioscopia

Euphorbia perennans
Phenology Flowering and fruiting spring–fall. Flowering and fruiting spring–fall.
Habitat Roadsides, waste places. Desert scrub, on cretaceous and gypseous clay, limestone hills and flats.
Elevation 0–1400 m. (0–4600 ft.) 900–1200 m. (3000–3900 ft.)
Distribution
from FNA
CA; CT; DC; DE; GA; ID; IL; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MT; NC; NH; NJ; NY; OH; OR; PA; SC; TN; TX; VA; VT; WA; WI; WY; AB; BC; NB; NF; NS; ON; PE; QC; SK; Europe; Asia; n Africa [Introduced in North America; introduced also in South America (Argentina, Chile)]
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
TX; Mexico (Chihuahua)
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Euphorbia helioscopia was collected once in Minnesota in the late 1800s but apparently did not become established there.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Euphorbia perennans is a distinctive species with an erect habit and relatively large, firm, deltate midstem leaves. Phylogenetic data place E. perennans in a clade of primarily Chihuahuan Desert annual and perennial species (for example, E. chaetocalyx, E. fendleri, E. golondrina, E. simulans, E. spurca, and E. theriaca; Y. Yang and P. E. Berry 2011).

Euphorbia perennans is known in the flora area only from Brewster County.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)
Source FNA vol. 12, p. 303. FNA vol. 12, p. 282.
Parent taxa Euphorbiaceae > Euphorbia > subg. Esula Euphorbiaceae > Euphorbia > sect. Anisophyllum
Sibling taxa
E. aaron-rossii, E. abramsiana, E. acuta, E. agraria, E. albomarginata, E. alta, E. angusta, E. antisyphilitica, E. arizonica, E. astyla, E. austrotexana, E. bicolor, E. bifurcata, E. bilobata, E. blodgettii, E. bombensis, E. brachycera, E. capitellata, E. carunculata, E. chaetocalyx, E. chamaesula, E. cinerascens, E. commutata, E. conferta, E. cordifolia, E. corollata, E. crenulata, E. cumulicola, E. cuphosperma, E. curtisii, E. cyathophora, E. cyparissias, E. davidii, E. deltoidea, E. dendroides, E. dentata, E. discoidalis, E. eriantha, E. exigua, E. exserta, E. exstipulata, E. falcata, E. fendleri, E. florida, E. floridana, E. garberi, E. georgiana, E. geyeri, E. glyptosperma, E. golondrina, E. gracillima, E. graminea, E. helleri, E. heterophylla, E. hexagona, E. hirta, E. hooveri, E. humistrata, E. hypericifolia, E. hyssopifolia, E. indivisa, E. innocua, E. inundata, E. ipecacuanhae, E. jaegeri, E. jejuna, E. laredana, E. lasiocarpa, E. lata, E. lathyris, E. longicruris, E. lurida, E. macropus, E. maculata, E. marginata, E. meganaesos, E. melanadenia, E. mendezii, E. mercurialina, E. mesembrianthemifolia, E. micromera, E. misera, E. missurica, E. myrsinites, E. nephradenia, E. nutans, E. oblongata, E. ocellata, E. ophthalmica, E. ouachitana, E. parishii, E. parryi, E. pediculifera, E. peplidion, E. peplus, E. perennans, E. pergamena, E. pinetorum, E. platyphyllos, E. platysperma, E. polycarpa, E. polygonifolia, E. polyphylla, E. porteriana, E. prostrata, E. pubentissima, E. purpurea, E. radians, E. rayturneri, E. revoluta, E. roemeriana, E. rosescens, E. schizoloba, E. serpens, E. serpillifolia, E. serrata, E. serrula, E. setiloba, E. simulans, E. spathulata, E. stictospora, E. strictior, E. telephioides, E. terracina, E. tetrapora, E. texana, E. theriaca, E. thymifolia, E. tithymaloides, E. trachysperma, E. trichotoma, E. vallis-mortae, E. velleriflora, E. vermiculata, E. villifera, E. virgata, E. wrightii, E. yaquiana
E. aaron-rossii, E. abramsiana, E. acuta, E. agraria, E. albomarginata, E. alta, E. angusta, E. antisyphilitica, E. arizonica, E. astyla, E. austrotexana, E. bicolor, E. bifurcata, E. bilobata, E. blodgettii, E. bombensis, E. brachycera, E. capitellata, E. carunculata, E. chaetocalyx, E. chamaesula, E. cinerascens, E. commutata, E. conferta, E. cordifolia, E. corollata, E. crenulata, E. cumulicola, E. cuphosperma, E. curtisii, E. cyathophora, E. cyparissias, E. davidii, E. deltoidea, E. dendroides, E. dentata, E. discoidalis, E. eriantha, E. exigua, E. exserta, E. exstipulata, E. falcata, E. fendleri, E. florida, E. floridana, E. garberi, E. georgiana, E. geyeri, E. glyptosperma, E. golondrina, E. gracillima, E. graminea, E. helioscopia, E. helleri, E. heterophylla, E. hexagona, E. hirta, E. hooveri, E. humistrata, E. hypericifolia, E. hyssopifolia, E. indivisa, E. innocua, E. inundata, E. ipecacuanhae, E. jaegeri, E. jejuna, E. laredana, E. lasiocarpa, E. lata, E. lathyris, E. longicruris, E. lurida, E. macropus, E. maculata, E. marginata, E. meganaesos, E. melanadenia, E. mendezii, E. mercurialina, E. mesembrianthemifolia, E. micromera, E. misera, E. missurica, E. myrsinites, E. nephradenia, E. nutans, E. oblongata, E. ocellata, E. ophthalmica, E. ouachitana, E. parishii, E. parryi, E. pediculifera, E. peplidion, E. peplus, E. pergamena, E. pinetorum, E. platyphyllos, E. platysperma, E. polycarpa, E. polygonifolia, E. polyphylla, E. porteriana, E. prostrata, E. pubentissima, E. purpurea, E. radians, E. rayturneri, E. revoluta, E. roemeriana, E. rosescens, E. schizoloba, E. serpens, E. serpillifolia, E. serrata, E. serrula, E. setiloba, E. simulans, E. spathulata, E. stictospora, E. strictior, E. telephioides, E. terracina, E. tetrapora, E. texana, E. theriaca, E. thymifolia, E. tithymaloides, E. trachysperma, E. trichotoma, E. vallis-mortae, E. velleriflora, E. vermiculata, E. villifera, E. virgata, E. wrightii, E. yaquiana
Synonyms Galarhoeus helioscopius, Tithymalus helioscopius Chamaesyce perennans
Name authority Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 1: 459. (1753) (Shinners) Warnock & M. C. Johnston: SouthW. Naturalist 5: 170. (1960)
Web links 
Unless otherwise noted, all data comes from the online version of the Flora of North America, who have made most of their content available via a Creative Commons license (CC BY 4.0).



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