Flora of North America species comparison

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Euphorbia exstipulata

Euphorbia exserta

square-seed spurge, squareseed or Clark Mountain spurge

coastal sand spurge, maroon or purple sand spurge
Habit Herbs, annual, with slender taproot. Herbs, perennial, with spreading rootstock.
Stems

erect, 5–26 cm, uniformly puberulent to hispidulous or glabrous;

branches arcuate.

erect or ascending, unbranched or branched, solitary, few, or occasionally densely clumped, previous year's dead stems not persistent, 20–33 cm, usually glabrous, rarely sparsely villous, glaucescent.
Leaves

opposite;

petiole 1–3 mm, often indistinct, glabrous or puberulent;

blade linear to narrowly elliptic or ovate, 14–42 × 3–28 mm, base attenuate, margins coarsely serrate, occasionally revolute, apex acute to obtuse, abaxial surface sparsely hispidulous to strigillose, adaxial surface glabrous;

midvein conspicuous.

alternate;

stipules less than 0.1 mm;

petiole (0–)1–3 mm, glabrous;

blade linear or linear-elliptic to obovate or orbiculate, proximal greatly reduced, scalelike, 15–30 × 1–20 mm, base cuneate to rounded, margins entire, apex rounded, broadly acute, or emarginate, surfaces glabrous, glaucescent;

venation often obscure on narrow leaves, midvein conspicuous.
Involucre

turbinate to campanulate, 1.1–1.5 × 1–1.3 mm, glabrous, pilose or puberulent;

involucral lobes divided into several linear lobes;

glands 4(–5), yellow to pink, sessile and broadly attached, 0.2 × 0.3–0.4 mm, opening oblong to nearly circular, glabrous;

appendages usually petaloid, white to pink, ovate to trapezoidal, occasionally absent, not incurved and covering glands, 0.2–0.4 × 0.3–0.8 mm, entire, undulate, or conspicuously divided into triangular segments, glabrous.

usually dark red, campanulate, 1.3–1.6 × 1.4–2.1 mm, glabrous;

glands 5, usually dark red, rarely greenish red, elliptic reniform, thickened, 0.3–0.5 × 0.8 mm;

appendages white or green, often forming narrow rim around distal margin of gland, 0–0.2 mm, entire.
Staminate flowers

10–12.

20–25.
Pistillate flowers

ovary puberulent on keels, styles 0.8–1.1 mm, 2-fid 1/2 to nearly entire length.

ovary glabrous;

styles 0.4–0.8 mm, 2-fid at apex.
Capsules

broadly depressed-oblong to ovoid, 2.7–3.3 × 3.1–3.9 mm, puberulent (with appressed hairs usually concentrated on keels);

columella 1.9–2.5 mm.

depressed-globose, 1.8–2.5 × 3.6–4.4 mm, glabrous;

columella 1.9–2.4 mm.
Seeds

white to gray or light brown, ovoid, bluntly 4-angled in cross section, 1.9–2.5 × 1.4–1.7 mm, tuberculate, often with 2 transverse ridges;

caruncle 0.1 × 0.2 mm.

ashy white, ovoid, 2.1 × 1.3 mm, angled with 5 blunt longitudinal ridges, with shallow and irregular pits;

caruncle absent.
Cyathial

arrangement: terminal cymose or dichasial branches usually 1–2, occasionally reduced to monochasia, 1–2-branched;

pleiochasial bracts 2–4, often whorled, wholly green or paler green at base, similar in shape and size to distal leaves or slightly narrower;

dichasial bracts similar in shape to distal leaves but smaller or highly reduced.

Cyathia

peduncle 1–1.9 mm.

usually in terminal dichasia, sometimes pleiochasia;

peduncle 6–33 mm, filiform, glabrous.

Euphorbia exstipulata

Euphorbia exserta
Phenology Flowering and fruiting summer–fall. Flowering and fruiting spring–summer.
Habitat Desert scrub, grasslands, mesquite savannas, oak and oak-juniper woodlands. Xeric to dry pine-oak scrub of sand hills, pine-oak woodlands, pine-oak savannas.
Elevation 800–2000 m. (2600–6600 ft.) 0–150 m. (0–500 ft.)
Distribution
from FNA
AZ; CA; NM; TX; UT; WY; Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, Guanajuato, San Luis Potosí, Sonora, Zacatecas)
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
FL; GA; NC; SC; VA
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Euphorbia exstipulata is native from Texas to California and northern Mexico. The species was found once in the late nineteenth century in Wyoming but has not been re-collected there. Broad-leaved plants have been segregated as var. lata, but the variation in leaf shape is continuous and no varieties are formally recognized here.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

K. R. Park (1998) recognized both Euphorbia exserta and E. gracilior as distinct species, with the former known only from the holotype. However, this treatment follows M. J. Huft (1997) and treats E. gracilior as a synonym of E. exserta. Although the type of E. exserta is unusual in having greenish red (versus dark red) cyathia and glands, as well as small gland appendages, it is otherwise typical of the species as a whole, including features such as the upright habit, reddish coloration, scalelike proximal leaves, and filiform peduncles to 30 mm that are also common to plants formerly treated as E. gracilior. Euphorbia gracilis Elliott, which has sometimes been applied to E. exserta, is an illegitimate name (a later homonym of E. gracilis Loiseleur-Deslongchamps) and pertains here.

The upright habit and usually dark red cyathia and glands distinguish Euphorbia exserta from the otherwise similar E. ipecacuanhae, while the glaucescent vegetative parts and smaller gland appendages readily separate E. exserta from the similar E. curtisii. Euphorbia exserta is found on the Gulf and Atlantic coastal plains.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)
Source FNA vol. 12, p. 322. FNA vol. 12, p. 246.
Parent taxa Euphorbiaceae > Euphorbia > sect. Poinsettia Euphorbiaceae > Euphorbia > sect. Alectoroctonum
Sibling taxa
E. aaron-rossii, E. abramsiana, E. acuta, E. agraria, E. albomarginata, E. alta, E. angusta, E. antisyphilitica, E. arizonica, E. astyla, E. austrotexana, E. bicolor, E. bifurcata, E. bilobata, E. blodgettii, E. bombensis, E. brachycera, E. capitellata, E. carunculata, E. chaetocalyx, E. chamaesula, E. cinerascens, E. commutata, E. conferta, E. cordifolia, E. corollata, E. crenulata, E. cumulicola, E. cuphosperma, E. curtisii, E. cyathophora, E. cyparissias, E. davidii, E. deltoidea, E. dendroides, E. dentata, E. discoidalis, E. eriantha, E. exigua, E. exserta, E. falcata, E. fendleri, E. florida, E. floridana, E. garberi, E. georgiana, E. geyeri, E. glyptosperma, E. golondrina, E. gracillima, E. graminea, E. helioscopia, E. helleri, E. heterophylla, E. hexagona, E. hirta, E. hooveri, E. humistrata, E. hypericifolia, E. hyssopifolia, E. indivisa, E. innocua, E. inundata, E. ipecacuanhae, E. jaegeri, E. jejuna, E. laredana, E. lasiocarpa, E. lata, E. lathyris, E. longicruris, E. lurida, E. macropus, E. maculata, E. marginata, E. meganaesos, E. melanadenia, E. mendezii, E. mercurialina, E. mesembrianthemifolia, E. micromera, E. misera, E. missurica, E. myrsinites, E. nephradenia, E. nutans, E. oblongata, E. ocellata, E. ophthalmica, E. ouachitana, E. parishii, E. parryi, E. pediculifera, E. peplidion, E. peplus, E. perennans, E. pergamena, E. pinetorum, E. platyphyllos, E. platysperma, E. polycarpa, E. polygonifolia, E. polyphylla, E. porteriana, E. prostrata, E. pubentissima, E. purpurea, E. radians, E. rayturneri, E. revoluta, E. roemeriana, E. rosescens, E. schizoloba, E. serpens, E. serpillifolia, E. serrata, E. serrula, E. setiloba, E. simulans, E. spathulata, E. stictospora, E. strictior, E. telephioides, E. terracina, E. tetrapora, E. texana, E. theriaca, E. thymifolia, E. tithymaloides, E. trachysperma, E. trichotoma, E. vallis-mortae, E. velleriflora, E. vermiculata, E. villifera, E. virgata, E. wrightii, E. yaquiana
E. aaron-rossii, E. abramsiana, E. acuta, E. agraria, E. albomarginata, E. alta, E. angusta, E. antisyphilitica, E. arizonica, E. astyla, E. austrotexana, E. bicolor, E. bifurcata, E. bilobata, E. blodgettii, E. bombensis, E. brachycera, E. capitellata, E. carunculata, E. chaetocalyx, E. chamaesula, E. cinerascens, E. commutata, E. conferta, E. cordifolia, E. corollata, E. crenulata, E. cumulicola, E. cuphosperma, E. curtisii, E. cyathophora, E. cyparissias, E. davidii, E. deltoidea, E. dendroides, E. dentata, E. discoidalis, E. eriantha, E. exigua, E. exstipulata, E. falcata, E. fendleri, E. florida, E. floridana, E. garberi, E. georgiana, E. geyeri, E. glyptosperma, E. golondrina, E. gracillima, E. graminea, E. helioscopia, E. helleri, E. heterophylla, E. hexagona, E. hirta, E. hooveri, E. humistrata, E. hypericifolia, E. hyssopifolia, E. indivisa, E. innocua, E. inundata, E. ipecacuanhae, E. jaegeri, E. jejuna, E. laredana, E. lasiocarpa, E. lata, E. lathyris, E. longicruris, E. lurida, E. macropus, E. maculata, E. marginata, E. meganaesos, E. melanadenia, E. mendezii, E. mercurialina, E. mesembrianthemifolia, E. micromera, E. misera, E. missurica, E. myrsinites, E. nephradenia, E. nutans, E. oblongata, E. ocellata, E. ophthalmica, E. ouachitana, E. parishii, E. parryi, E. pediculifera, E. peplidion, E. peplus, E. perennans, E. pergamena, E. pinetorum, E. platyphyllos, E. platysperma, E. polycarpa, E. polygonifolia, E. polyphylla, E. porteriana, E. prostrata, E. pubentissima, E. purpurea, E. radians, E. rayturneri, E. revoluta, E. roemeriana, E. rosescens, E. schizoloba, E. serpens, E. serpillifolia, E. serrata, E. serrula, E. setiloba, E. simulans, E. spathulata, E. stictospora, E. strictior, E. telephioides, E. terracina, E. tetrapora, E. texana, E. theriaca, E. thymifolia, E. tithymaloides, E. trachysperma, E. trichotoma, E. vallis-mortae, E. velleriflora, E. vermiculata, E. villifera, E. virgata, E. wrightii, E. yaquiana
Synonyms E. exstipulata var. lata Tithymalopsis exserta, E. gracilior, T. gracilis
Name authority Engelmann: in W. H. Emory, Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound. 2(1): 189. (1859) (Small) Coker: Pl. Life Hartsville, 88. (1912)
Web links 
Unless otherwise noted, all data comes from the online version of the Flora of North America, who have made most of their content available via a Creative Commons license (CC BY 4.0).



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