FNA: Euphorbia discoidalis vs. Euphorbia hexagona

	Euphorbia discoidalis	Euphorbia hexagona
	summer spurge	six-angle spurge
Habit	Herbs, perennial, with spreading rootstock.	Herbs, annual, with taproot.
Stems	erect or ascending, unbranched, solitary or few, previous year's dead stems not persistent, 45–70 cm, usually densely puberulent to sericeous, rarely glabrous.	erect, unbranched or branched, 30–70(–100) cm, sparsely hispid, occasionally densely so at distal nodes.
Leaves	alternate; stipules to 0.1 mm; petiole (0–)1–2 mm (or absent), densely puberulent; blade usually linear, rarely ovate, 25–55 × 1.5–4 mm, base cuneate, margins entire, revolute, apex rounded, abaxial surface glabrous or puberulent to sericeous, adaxial surface glabrous; venation often obscure on smaller leaves, midvein conspicuous.	opposite; stipules (0–)0.1 mm; petiole 1–4 mm, pilose; blade linear-filiform, linear, or elliptic, 21–40 × 0.9–7.5 mm, base attenuate, margins entire, apex acute, abaxial surface sparsely hispidulous to strigillose, adaxial surface glabrous; venation obscure, only midvein conspicuous.
Involucre	campanulate, 1.2–1.4 × 1.2–2 mm, sparsely to densely puberulent; glands 5, green, reniform, 0.2–0.3 × 0.5–0.6 mm; appendages white, orbiculate to oblong, (0.5–)1–1.7 × 1–1.5 mm, entire.	campanulate, 1–1.5 × (1–)1.5–1.8 mm, hispid; glands 5, green to deep red, elliptic to reniform, 0.5 × 0.8–1 mm; appendages white to green, tinged red, deltate to ovate, 0.7–1.7 × (0.9–)1.3–1.5 mm, entire.
Staminate flowers	20–25.	15–30(–40).
Pistillate flowers	ovary glabrous or sparsely strigose; styles 0.5–1.1 mm, 2-fid at apex to 1/2 length.	ovary glabrous; styles 0.7–1.1 mm, 2-fid nearly entire length.
Capsules	globose, 1.8–3 × 2.5–4.8 mm, glabrous or sparsely strigose; columella 2.3–2.5 mm.	subglobose to broadly ovoid, 4.7–6.5 × 4.9–6.5(–7.1) mm, glabrous; columella 3.5–4.5 mm.
Seeds	light gray, ovoid, 2 × 1.2–1.3 mm, smooth or with few, very shallow depressions; caruncle absent.	dark brown or dark gray, ovoid, 3.4 × 2.7 mm, rugose, whitish glaucous; caruncle absent.
Cyathia	in terminal pleiochasia; peduncle 5–15 mm, filiform, glabrous or very sparsely puberulent to sericeous.	solitary in leaf axils or in terminal cymes or dichasia; peduncle 1–2.1 mm, strigillose.

	Euphorbia discoidalis	Euphorbia hexagona
Phenology	Flowering and fruiting late spring–fall.	Flowering and fruiting late summer–fall.
Habitat	Sand hills, pine savannas, woodland borders, open fields with sandy soils.	Sand prairies, other sandy soil habitats, stream banks, sand bars, damp places.
Elevation	0–150 m. (0–500 ft.)	200–1300 m. (700–4300 ft.)
Distribution	AL; FL; GA; LA; MS; TX [WildflowerSearch map] [BONAP county map]	AR; CO; IA; IL; KS; MN; MO; MT; NE; NM; OK; SD; TX; WI; WY [WildflowerSearch map] [BONAP county map]
Discussion	M. J. Huft (1979) remarked that Euphorbia discoidalis is uncommon west of Alabama and referred many narrow-leaved specimens from Louisiana and Texas to E. corollata. K. R. Park (1998) included them in an expanded E. discoidalis, and that is followed here. The western populations can be distinguished from E. corollata by their shorter involucral gland appendages and revolute leaf margins. Further study of these western populations is warranted. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)	Euphorbia hexagona is native to the central United States and is most common from southern South Dakota to Oklahoma and northern Texas. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)
Source	FNA vol. 12, p. 245.	FNA vol. 12, p. 247.
Parent taxa	Euphorbiaceae > Euphorbia > sect. Alectoroctonum	Euphorbiaceae > Euphorbia > sect. Alectoroctonum
Sibling taxa	E. aaron-rossii, E. abramsiana, E. acuta, E. agraria, E. albomarginata, E. alta, E. angusta, E. antisyphilitica, E. arizonica, E. astyla, E. austrotexana, E. bicolor, E. bifurcata, E. bilobata, E. blodgettii, E. bombensis, E. brachycera, E. capitellata, E. carunculata, E. chaetocalyx, E. chamaesula, E. cinerascens, E. commutata, E. conferta, E. cordifolia, E. corollata, E. crenulata, E. cumulicola, E. cuphosperma, E. curtisii, E. cyathophora, E. cyparissias, E. davidii, E. deltoidea, E. dendroides, E. dentata, E. eriantha, E. exigua, E. exserta, E. exstipulata, E. falcata, E. fendleri, E. florida, E. floridana, E. garberi, E. georgiana, E. geyeri, E. glyptosperma, E. golondrina, E. gracillima, E. graminea, E. helioscopia, E. helleri, E. heterophylla, E. hexagona, E. hirta, E. hooveri, E. humistrata, E. hypericifolia, E. hyssopifolia, E. indivisa, E. innocua, E. inundata, E. ipecacuanhae, E. jaegeri, E. jejuna, E. laredana, E. lasiocarpa, E. lata, E. lathyris, E. longicruris, E. lurida, E. macropus, E. maculata, E. marginata, E. meganaesos, E. melanadenia, E. mendezii, E. mercurialina, E. mesembrianthemifolia, E. micromera, E. misera, E. missurica, E. myrsinites, E. nephradenia, E. nutans, E. oblongata, E. ocellata, E. ophthalmica, E. ouachitana, E. parishii, E. parryi, E. pediculifera, E. peplidion, E. peplus, E. perennans, E. pergamena, E. pinetorum, E. platyphyllos, E. platysperma, E. polycarpa, E. polygonifolia, E. polyphylla, E. porteriana, E. prostrata, E. pubentissima, E. purpurea, E. radians, E. rayturneri, E. revoluta, E. roemeriana, E. rosescens, E. schizoloba, E. serpens, E. serpillifolia, E. serrata, E. serrula, E. setiloba, E. simulans, E. spathulata, E. stictospora, E. strictior, E. telephioides, E. terracina, E. tetrapora, E. texana, E. theriaca, E. thymifolia, E. tithymaloides, E. trachysperma, E. trichotoma, E. vallis-mortae, E. velleriflora, E. vermiculata, E. villifera, E. virgata, E. wrightii, E. yaquiana	E. aaron-rossii, E. abramsiana, E. acuta, E. agraria, E. albomarginata, E. alta, E. angusta, E. antisyphilitica, E. arizonica, E. astyla, E. austrotexana, E. bicolor, E. bifurcata, E. bilobata, E. blodgettii, E. bombensis, E. brachycera, E. capitellata, E. carunculata, E. chaetocalyx, E. chamaesula, E. cinerascens, E. commutata, E. conferta, E. cordifolia, E. corollata, E. crenulata, E. cumulicola, E. cuphosperma, E. curtisii, E. cyathophora, E. cyparissias, E. davidii, E. deltoidea, E. dendroides, E. dentata, E. discoidalis, E. eriantha, E. exigua, E. exserta, E. exstipulata, E. falcata, E. fendleri, E. florida, E. floridana, E. garberi, E. georgiana, E. geyeri, E. glyptosperma, E. golondrina, E. gracillima, E. graminea, E. helioscopia, E. helleri, E. heterophylla, E. hirta, E. hooveri, E. humistrata, E. hypericifolia, E. hyssopifolia, E. indivisa, E. innocua, E. inundata, E. ipecacuanhae, E. jaegeri, E. jejuna, E. laredana, E. lasiocarpa, E. lata, E. lathyris, E. longicruris, E. lurida, E. macropus, E. maculata, E. marginata, E. meganaesos, E. melanadenia, E. mendezii, E. mercurialina, E. mesembrianthemifolia, E. micromera, E. misera, E. missurica, E. myrsinites, E. nephradenia, E. nutans, E. oblongata, E. ocellata, E. ophthalmica, E. ouachitana, E. parishii, E. parryi, E. pediculifera, E. peplidion, E. peplus, E. perennans, E. pergamena, E. pinetorum, E. platyphyllos, E. platysperma, E. polycarpa, E. polygonifolia, E. polyphylla, E. porteriana, E. prostrata, E. pubentissima, E. purpurea, E. radians, E. rayturneri, E. revoluta, E. roemeriana, E. rosescens, E. schizoloba, E. serpens, E. serpillifolia, E. serrata, E. serrula, E. setiloba, E. simulans, E. spathulata, E. stictospora, E. strictior, E. telephioides, E. terracina, E. tetrapora, E. texana, E. theriaca, E. thymifolia, E. tithymaloides, E. trachysperma, E. trichotoma, E. vallis-mortae, E. velleriflora, E. vermiculata, E. villifera, E. virgata, E. wrightii, E. yaquiana
Synonyms	Tithymalopsis discoidalis
Name authority	Chapman: Fl. South. U.S., 401. (1860)	Nuttall ex Sprengel: Syst. Veg. 3: 791. (1826)
Web links	Local Web sites: LA Plants WildflowerSearch iNaturalist (observations) USDA Plants Database LBJ Wildflower Center SEINet Plants of the World Online Encyclopedia of Life Wikipedia Google Image Search	Local Web sites: IL Wildflowers, KS Wildflowers, MN Wildflowers, MO Plants, PNW Herbaria WildflowerSearch iNaturalist (observations) USDA Plants Database LBJ Wildflower Center SEINet Plants of the World Online Encyclopedia of Life Wikipedia Google Image Search

Euphorbia hexagona

summer spurge

six-angle spurge

Habit

Herbs, perennial, with spreading rootstock.

Herbs, annual, with taproot.

Stems

erect or ascending, unbranched, solitary or few, previous year's dead stems not persistent, 45–70 cm, usually densely puberulent to sericeous, rarely glabrous.

erect, unbranched or branched, 30–70(–100) cm, sparsely hispid, occasionally densely so at distal nodes.

Leaves

alternate;

stipules to 0.1 mm;

petiole (0–)1–2 mm (or absent), densely puberulent;

blade usually linear, rarely ovate, 25–55 × 1.5–4 mm, base cuneate, margins entire, revolute, apex rounded, abaxial surface glabrous or puberulent to sericeous, adaxial surface glabrous;

venation often obscure on smaller leaves, midvein conspicuous.

opposite;

stipules (0–)0.1 mm;

petiole 1–4 mm, pilose;

blade linear-filiform, linear, or elliptic, 21–40 × 0.9–7.5 mm, base attenuate, margins entire, apex acute, abaxial surface sparsely hispidulous to strigillose, adaxial surface glabrous;

venation obscure, only midvein conspicuous.

Involucre

campanulate, 1.2–1.4 × 1.2–2 mm, sparsely to densely puberulent;

glands 5, green, reniform, 0.2–0.3 × 0.5–0.6 mm;

appendages white, orbiculate to oblong, (0.5–)1–1.7 × 1–1.5 mm, entire.

campanulate, 1–1.5 × (1–)1.5–1.8 mm, hispid;

glands 5, green to deep red, elliptic to reniform, 0.5 × 0.8–1 mm;

appendages white to green, tinged red, deltate to ovate, 0.7–1.7 × (0.9–)1.3–1.5 mm, entire.

Staminate flowers

20–25.

15–30(–40).

Pistillate flowers

ovary glabrous or sparsely strigose;

styles 0.5–1.1 mm, 2-fid at apex to 1/2 length.

ovary glabrous;

styles 0.7–1.1 mm, 2-fid nearly entire length.

Capsules

globose, 1.8–3 × 2.5–4.8 mm, glabrous or sparsely strigose;

columella 2.3–2.5 mm.

subglobose to broadly ovoid, 4.7–6.5 × 4.9–6.5(–7.1) mm, glabrous;

columella 3.5–4.5 mm.

Seeds

light gray, ovoid, 2 × 1.2–1.3 mm, smooth or with few, very shallow depressions;

caruncle absent.

dark brown or dark gray, ovoid, 3.4 × 2.7 mm, rugose, whitish glaucous;

caruncle absent.

Cyathia

in terminal pleiochasia;

peduncle 5–15 mm, filiform, glabrous or very sparsely puberulent to sericeous.

solitary in leaf axils or in terminal cymes or dichasia;

peduncle 1–2.1 mm, strigillose.

Euphorbia hexagona

Phenology

Flowering and fruiting late spring–fall.

Flowering and fruiting late summer–fall.

Habitat

Sand hills, pine savannas, woodland borders, open fields with sandy soils.

Sand prairies, other sandy soil habitats, stream banks, sand bars, damp places.

Elevation

0–150 m. (0–500 ft.)

200–1300 m. (700–4300 ft.)

Distribution

AL; FL; GA; LA; MS; TX

[WildflowerSearch map]

[BONAP county map]

AR; CO; IA; IL; KS; MN; MO; MT; NE; NM; OK; SD; TX; WI; WY

[WildflowerSearch map]

[BONAP county map]

Discussion

M. J. Huft (1979) remarked that Euphorbia discoidalis is uncommon west of Alabama and referred many narrow-leaved specimens from Louisiana and Texas to E. corollata. K. R. Park (1998) included them in an expanded E. discoidalis, and that is followed here. The western populations can be distinguished from E. corollata by their shorter involucral gland appendages and revolute leaf margins. Further study of these western populations is warranted.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Euphorbia hexagona is native to the central United States and is most common from southern South Dakota to Oklahoma and northern Texas.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Source

FNA vol. 12, p. 245.

FNA vol. 12, p. 247.

Parent taxa

Euphorbiaceae > Euphorbia > sect. Alectoroctonum

Sibling taxa

E. aaron-rossii, E. abramsiana, E. acuta, E. agraria, E. albomarginata, E. alta, E. angusta, E. antisyphilitica, E. arizonica, E. astyla, E. austrotexana, E. bicolor, E. bifurcata, E. bilobata, E. blodgettii, E. bombensis, E. brachycera, E. capitellata, E. carunculata, E. chaetocalyx, E. chamaesula, E. cinerascens, E. commutata, E. conferta, E. cordifolia, E. corollata, E. crenulata, E. cumulicola, E. cuphosperma, E. curtisii, E. cyathophora, E. cyparissias, E. davidii, E. deltoidea, E. dendroides, E. dentata, E. eriantha, E. exigua, E. exserta, E. exstipulata, E. falcata, E. fendleri, E. florida, E. floridana, E. garberi, E. georgiana, E. geyeri, E. glyptosperma, E. golondrina, E. gracillima, E. graminea, E. helioscopia, E. helleri, E. heterophylla, E. hexagona, E. hirta, E. hooveri, E. humistrata, E. hypericifolia, E. hyssopifolia, E. indivisa, E. innocua, E. inundata, E. ipecacuanhae, E. jaegeri, E. jejuna, E. laredana, E. lasiocarpa, E. lata, E. lathyris, E. longicruris, E. lurida, E. macropus, E. maculata, E. marginata, E. meganaesos, E. melanadenia, E. mendezii, E. mercurialina, E. mesembrianthemifolia, E. micromera, E. misera, E. missurica, E. myrsinites, E. nephradenia, E. nutans, E. oblongata, E. ocellata, E. ophthalmica, E. ouachitana, E. parishii, E. parryi, E. pediculifera, E. peplidion, E. peplus, E. perennans, E. pergamena, E. pinetorum, E. platyphyllos, E. platysperma, E. polycarpa, E. polygonifolia, E. polyphylla, E. porteriana, E. prostrata, E. pubentissima, E. purpurea, E. radians, E. rayturneri, E. revoluta, E. roemeriana, E. rosescens, E. schizoloba, E. serpens, E. serpillifolia, E. serrata, E. serrula, E. setiloba, E. simulans, E. spathulata, E. stictospora, E. strictior, E. telephioides, E. terracina, E. tetrapora, E. texana, E. theriaca, E. thymifolia, E. tithymaloides, E. trachysperma, E. trichotoma, E. vallis-mortae, E. velleriflora, E. vermiculata, E. villifera, E. virgata, E. wrightii, E. yaquiana

E. aaron-rossii, E. abramsiana, E. acuta, E. agraria, E. albomarginata, E. alta, E. angusta, E. antisyphilitica, E. arizonica, E. astyla, E. austrotexana, E. bicolor, E. bifurcata, E. bilobata, E. blodgettii, E. bombensis, E. brachycera, E. capitellata, E. carunculata, E. chaetocalyx, E. chamaesula, E. cinerascens, E. commutata, E. conferta, E. cordifolia, E. corollata, E. crenulata, E. cumulicola, E. cuphosperma, E. curtisii, E. cyathophora, E. cyparissias, E. davidii, E. deltoidea, E. dendroides, E. dentata, E. discoidalis, E. eriantha, E. exigua, E. exserta, E. exstipulata, E. falcata, E. fendleri, E. florida, E. floridana, E. garberi, E. georgiana, E. geyeri, E. glyptosperma, E. golondrina, E. gracillima, E. graminea, E. helioscopia, E. helleri, E. heterophylla, E. hirta, E. hooveri, E. humistrata, E. hypericifolia, E. hyssopifolia, E. indivisa, E. innocua, E. inundata, E. ipecacuanhae, E. jaegeri, E. jejuna, E. laredana, E. lasiocarpa, E. lata, E. lathyris, E. longicruris, E. lurida, E. macropus, E. maculata, E. marginata, E. meganaesos, E. melanadenia, E. mendezii, E. mercurialina, E. mesembrianthemifolia, E. micromera, E. misera, E. missurica, E. myrsinites, E. nephradenia, E. nutans, E. oblongata, E. ocellata, E. ophthalmica, E. ouachitana, E. parishii, E. parryi, E. pediculifera, E. peplidion, E. peplus, E. perennans, E. pergamena, E. pinetorum, E. platyphyllos, E. platysperma, E. polycarpa, E. polygonifolia, E. polyphylla, E. porteriana, E. prostrata, E. pubentissima, E. purpurea, E. radians, E. rayturneri, E. revoluta, E. roemeriana, E. rosescens, E. schizoloba, E. serpens, E. serpillifolia, E. serrata, E. serrula, E. setiloba, E. simulans, E. spathulata, E. stictospora, E. strictior, E. telephioides, E. terracina, E. tetrapora, E. texana, E. theriaca, E. thymifolia, E. tithymaloides, E. trachysperma, E. trichotoma, E. vallis-mortae, E. velleriflora, E. vermiculata, E. villifera, E. virgata, E. wrightii, E. yaquiana

Synonyms

Tithymalopsis discoidalis

Name authority

Chapman: Fl. South. U.S., 401. (1860)

Nuttall ex Sprengel: Syst. Veg. 3: 791. (1826)

Web links

Local Web sites: IL Wildflowers, KS Wildflowers, MN Wildflowers, MO Plants, PNW Herbaria
WildflowerSearch
iNaturalist (observations)
USDA Plants Database
LBJ Wildflower Center
SEINet
Plants of the World Online
Encyclopedia of Life
Wikipedia
Google Image Search

Unless otherwise noted, all data comes from the online version of the Flora of North America, who have made most of their content available via a Creative Commons license (CC BY 4.0).

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Euphorbia discoidalis

Euphorbia hexagona

Euphorbia discoidalis

Euphorbia hexagona