Euphorbia dentata |
Euphorbia commutata |
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green poinsettia, tooth poinsettia, tooth spurge |
tinted euphorbia, tinted woodland spurge |
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Habit | Herbs, annual, with taproot. | Herbs, usually biennial, occasionally annual, with taproot. |
Stems | erect or ascending, 15–60 cm, both pilose and inconspicuously strigillose; branches usually ± straight, occasionally proximal branches arcuate. |
erect or ascending, decumbent and often branched near base, 10–40 cm, glabrous. |
Leaves | usually opposite, occasionally alternate at distal nodes; petiole 5–20 mm, pilose; blade 30–70 × 4–35 mm, narrowly lanceolate to suborbiculate, usually broadest below middle, base usually acute to subobtuse, rarely subtruncate, margins coarsely crenate-dentate or doubly crenate, strigillose, flat to slightly revolute, apex broadly acute, abaxial surface long pilose with weak, filiform hairs, adaxial surface sparsely pilose to glabrate; venation pinnate, midvein prominent. |
petiole usually 5–10 mm, 0–1 mm distally; blade usually oblanceolate to obovate, rarely ovate, 5–30 × 3–10 mm, base broadly attenuate, margins entire, apex usually obtuse to rounded, occasionally slightly retuse, surfaces glabrous; venation pinnate, midvein prominent. |
Involucre | campanulate, 3.8 × 1.8 mm, glabrous; involucral lobes divided into several linear, smooth lobes; glands (1–)2, green, sessile and broadly attached, 0.7–0.9 × 0.9–1.2 mm, opening oblong, glabrous; appendages absent. |
campanulate, 1.7–2.5 × 1.5–2.5 mm, glabrous; glands 4, crescent-shaped; 0.6–1 × 0.8–1.5 mm; horns divergent, 0.5–1.1 mm. |
Staminate flowers | 8–10. |
9–15. |
Pistillate flowers | ovary glabrous, styles 1.2 mm, 2-fid 1/2 to nearly entire length. |
ovary glabrous; styles 0.9–1.3 mm, 2-fid. |
Capsules | depressed-globose, 2.5–2.8 × 3.5–4 mm, 3-lobed, glabrous; columella 1.8–2.1 mm. |
ovoid-globose, 2.5–3.2 × 3 mm, slightly lobed; cocci rounded to ± flattened, smooth, glabrous; columella 1.5–2 mm. |
Seeds | pale gray to black, ovoid, rounded in cross section, 2.1–2.7 × 1.7–2.1 mm, evenly minute-tuberculate; caruncle 0.4–0.6 mm. |
white to gray, broadly oblong-elliptic to ovoid or nearly globose, 1.5–2 × 1.3–1.6 mm, strongly small-pitted; caruncle irregularly winglike, conic, 0.6–1 × 0.7–0.9 mm. |
Cyathial | arrangement: terminal pleiochasial branches usually 3, occasionally reduced to congested cyme, 1–2-branched; pleiochasial bracts 2–4, often whorled, wholly green or paler green, white, or mauve at base, similar in shape and size to distal leaves or slightly narrower; dichasial bracts similar in shape to distal leaves but smaller (often highly reduced). |
arrangement: terminal pleiochasial branches (2–)3(–4), 1–3+ times 2-branched; pleiochasial bracts similar in shape and size to distal leaves; dichasial bracts distinct to basally subconnate, not imbricate, widely ovate, rhombic, or reniform, base cordate, rarely slightly perfoliate, margins entire, apex obtuse to rounded, mucronulate; axillary cymose branches 0–5. |
Cyathia | peduncle 0.7–1 mm. |
peduncle 0.5–1 mm. |
2n | = 28. |
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Euphorbia dentata |
Euphorbia commutata |
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Phenology | Flowering and fruiting spring–fall. | Flowering and fruiting spring–summer. |
Habitat | Bottomland forests, stream and river banks, bluffs, prairies, glades, fallow fields, roadsides, railroad cinders, open disturbed areas. | Bottomland and upland forests, bluffs and ledges, stream banks, glades, rarely fen margins. |
Elevation | 0–1000 m. (0–3300 ft.) | 50–1000 m. (200–3300 ft.) |
Distribution |
AL; AR; GA; IA; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MD; MI; MO; MS; NC; NE; OH; OK; PA; SC; TN; TX; VA; WV; ON; Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas)
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AL; AR; FL; GA; IA; IL; IN; KY; LA; MD; MI; MO; MS; NC; OH; OK; PA; SC; TN; VA; WI; WV; ON
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Discussion | Euphorbia dentata is native from northern Mexico and the south central United States north and east through the Ohio River Valley. Scattered occurrences in the southeastern United States likely represent adventive populations. Reports of E. dentata as a noxious weed (from the United States and the Old World) should most likely be attributed to introductions of E. davidii. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
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Source | FNA vol. 12, p. 321. | FNA vol. 12, p. 300. |
Parent taxa | Euphorbiaceae > Euphorbia > sect. Poinsettia | Euphorbiaceae > Euphorbia > subg. Esula |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | Poinsettia dentata | Galarhoeus austrinus, G. commutatus, Tithymalus commutatus |
Name authority | Michaux: Fl. Bor.-Amer. 2: 211. (1803) | Engelmann: in A. Gray, Manual ed. 2, 389. (1856) |
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