Euphorbia davidii |
Euphorbia austrotexana |
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David's poinsettia, David's spurge, tooth poinsettia, tooth spurge |
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Habit | Herbs, annual, with taproot. | Herbs, annual, with taproot. | ||||
Stems | erect or ascending, 20–70 cm, both coarsely and sparsely hirsute and closely strigillose; branches usually ± straight, occasionally proximal branches arcuate. |
erect, usually branched near base, 6–22 cm, glabrous. |
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Leaves | usually opposite, occasionally alternate at distal nodes; petiole 7–25 mm, strigose; blade usually narrowly to broadly elliptic, occasionally lance-elliptic, 10–100 × 5–35 mm, base cuneate to attenuate, margins coarsely crenate-dentate, strigose, revolute to nearly flat, apex broadly acute to acuminate, or obtuse, abaxial surface strigose with stiff, strongly tapered hairs, adaxial surface sparsely strigose-hirsute; venation pinnate, midvein prominent. |
petiole absent; blade linear to slightly lanceolate or linear-oblanceolate, 5–18 × 0.5–2.5 mm, base linear attenuate, margins entire, apex rounded to obtuse or acute, surfaces glabrous; venation pinnate, midvein prominent. |
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Involucre | cylindric, 2.5–3 × 1.3–1.8 mm, glabrous; involucral lobes divided into 5–7 linear, papillate lobes; gland 1, yellow-green, sessile and broadly attached, 0.9 × 1.3 mm, opening oblong, glabrous; appendages absent. |
infundibular, 0.8–1.1 × 0.6–0.9 mm, glabrous; glands 4, crescent-shaped; 0.2–0.4 × 0.5–0.6 mm; horns divergent, 0.5–0.7 mm. |
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Staminate flowers | 5–8. |
5–10. |
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Pistillate flowers | ovary glabrous or sparsely strigose; styles 1 mm, 2-fid 1/2 to nearly entire length. |
ovary glabrous; styles 0.3–0.5 mm, 2-fid. |
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Capsules | broadly ovoid, 2.9–3.3 × 4–4.8 mm, 3-lobed, glabrous; columella 2.2–2.7 mm. |
ovoid-globose, 1.8–2.2 × 3–3.2 mm, slightly 3-lobed; cocci rounded, smooth, glabrous; columella 1.5–2 mm. |
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Seeds | black to brown or pale gray, ovoid to triangular-ovoid, angular in cross section, 2.4–2.9 × 2.2–2.9 mm, low-tuberculate, tubercles irregularly arranged or in faint, transverse row; caruncle 0.9–1.1 mm. |
white to gray, ellipsoid, 1.4–1.7 × 1–1.3 mm, with deep, irregular to rounded, shallow to concave depressions over entire surface; caruncle reniform-ovate, depressed-conic, 0.5–0.7 × 0.7–1 mm. |
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Cyathial | arrangement: terminal pleiochasial branches usually 3, occasionally reduced to congested cyme, 1–2-branched; pleiochasial bracts 2–4, often whorled, green with diffuse greenish white to mauve near base, similar in shape and size to distal leaves or slightly narrower; dichasial bracts similar in shape to distal leaves but smaller, often highly reduced. |
arrangement: terminal pleiochasial branches 3, 1–3 times 2-branched; pleiochasial bracts similar in shape to but slightly shorter and wider than distal leaves; dichasial bracts distinct, not imbricate, reniform-ovate to subdeltate-ovate or broadly ovate-lanceolate, base obliquely truncate to rounded, margins entire, apex obtuse to broadly acuminate; axillary cymose branches 0–3. |
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Cyathia | peduncle 0.5–1 mm. |
peduncle 0–0.5 mm. |
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2n | = 56. |
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Euphorbia davidii |
Euphorbia austrotexana |
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Phenology | Flowering and fruiting summer–fall. | |||||
Habitat | Forests, stream and riverbanks, prairies, roadsides and open disturbed areas. | |||||
Elevation | 200–1500 m. (700–4900 ft.) | |||||
Distribution |
AR; AZ; CA; CO; FL; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MI; MN; MO; NC; NE; NJ; NM; NY; OH; OK; SD; TN; TX; UT; VA; VT; WI; WV; WY; ON; QC; Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila, Sonora) [Introduced in South America, Eurasia (China, Russia), Australia]
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TX |
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Discussion | Euphorbia davidii is native from the southwestern United States and northern Mexico north through the southern Great Plains; it apparently is adventive elsewhere. The species is the weediest member of the E. dentata species group (following M. H. Mayfield 1997) and has become an agricultural weed in North America, South America (for example, Argentina), and in the Old World (particularly Australia and Russia). Euphorbia davidii can be distinguished from the closely similar E. dentata by its larger capsules and seeds, often more elliptic leaves, and shorter, stiffer hairs. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Varieties 2 (2 in the flora). Euphorbia austrotexana occurs in stabilized sandy soil in the south Texas plains (M. H. Mayfield 2013). It is similar to E. longicruris but differs from that species in its often narrowly oblanceolate to linear leaves and its white to gray, ellipsoid seeds that are covered with minute, concave depressions. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
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Key |
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Source | FNA vol. 12, p. 320. | FNA vol. 12, p. 298. | ||||
Parent taxa | Euphorbiaceae > Euphorbia > sect. Poinsettia | Euphorbiaceae > Euphorbia > subg. Esula | ||||
Sibling taxa | ||||||
Subordinate taxa | ||||||
Name authority | Subils: Kurtziana 17: 125, figs. 1, 2H–J. (1984) | Mayfield: J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 7: 634, figs. 1, 2[row 3, left & center]. (2013) | ||||
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