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Chinese caps, western wood spurge

point sandmat

Habit Herbs, usually biennial, occasionally annual, with taproot. Herbs, perennial, with strongly thickened rootstock.
Stems

erect, sometimes decumbent at base, unbranched or branched, 12–40 cm, glabrous.

ascending to erect, 5–30 cm, uniformly and densely canescent or sericeous.

Leaves

petiole 0–2 mm;

blade obovate-spatulate to oblanceolate, 8–22 × 3–10 mm, base broadly attenuate, margins entire or slightly crisped, apex obtuse to ± rounded, minutely apiculate, surfaces glabrous;

venation pinnate, midvein prominent.

opposite;

stipules deciduous, sometimes appearing absent, distinct, brown, linear-subulate, thin, 0.3–0.8 mm, canescent;

petiole 0.4–1.2 mm, moderately to densely canescent;

blade ovate to lanceolate, 6–20 × 3–8 mm, base subsymmetric, rounded to cuneate, margins entire, strongly involute, apex long-acuminate, spinulose, abaxial surface canescent to densely sericeous, adaxial surface glabrous or sparsely canescent; 3-veined from base but only midvein conspicuous.

Involucre

campanulate, 1.8–2.1 × 1.6–1.8 mm, glabrous;

glands 4, crescent-shaped, 0.6–1.2 × 1.5–2.3 mm;

horns slightly divergent to slightly convergent, 0.4–0.6 mm.

turbinate to urceolate, 2–2.6 × 1.7–2.5 mm, villous to lanate;

glands 4, yellow-green to orange or red, slightly concave, oblong-elliptic, 0.2–0.4 × 0.6–1.5 mm;

appendages white, flabellate, 1.1–2.1 × 0.2–0.6 mm, distal margin shallowly and irregularly toothed.

Staminate flowers

11–18.

20–25.

Pistillate flowers

ovary glabrous;

styles 0.9–1.4 mm, 2-fid.

ovary strigose, pubescent to villous;

styles 0.6–0.9 mm, 2-fid 1/2 length.

Capsules

subovoid, 2.5–3 × 3.5–4 mm, 3-lobed;

cocci rounded, smooth or puncticulate, glabrous;

columella 1.9–2.3 mm.

subglobose to broadly ovoid, 2.8–3.7 mm diam., strigose, pubescent to villous;

columella 2.3–3 mm.

Seeds

cream and brown mottled, oblong-ovoid to nearly globose, 2–2.5 × 1.4–1.7 mm, usually irregularly vermiculate-ridged and large-pitted, occasionally tuberculate or nearly smooth;

caruncle reniform, conic, 0.5–0.6 × 0.5–0.7 mm.

white, ovoid, 4-angled in cross section, 2.2–2.6 × 1.1–1.4 mm, smooth to finely reticulate.

Cyathial

arrangement: terminal pleiochasial branches 3, each 2-branched;

pleiochasial bracts obovate to orbiculate-reniform, wider than distal leaves;

dichasial bracts usually connate 1/3–1/2 length (often only on one side), rarely only connate basally, triangular ovate to reniform, base truncate to perfoliate, margins erose-denticulate to subentire, apex rounded to obtuse, rarely apiculate;

axillary cymose branches 0–5.

Cyathia

peduncle 0–0.5 mm.

solitary at distal nodes;

peduncle 1.3–3.2 mm.

2n

= 28, 48, 56.

Euphorbia crenulata

Euphorbia acuta

Phenology Flowering and fruiting spring–summer. Flowering and fruiting spring–fall.
Habitat Conifer, oak, and mixed forests, coastal scrub, grasslands, barrens and outcrops, roadsides. Desert scrub, grasslands, oak-juniper savannas, limestone, rocky, sandy, or clay soils.
Elevation 30–1800 m. (100–5900 ft.) 400–1900 m. (1300–6200 ft.)
Distribution
from FNA
CA; CO; NM; OR
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
NM; TX; Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila)
Discussion

Euphorbia crenulata is most common in the central valleys of California and southern Oregon; it occurs disjunctly in southwestern Colorado and northwestern New Mexico. Previous reports from Arizona are based on misidentified specimens. Euphorbia crenulata is closely related to E. commutata.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Euphorbia acuta is easily distinguished in the field by its relatively large, strongly involute, hairy, and acutely pointed leaves. The name Euphorbia acuta Engelmann has been proposed for conservation against the earlier name E. acuta Bellardi ex Colla (P. E. Berry et al. 2011).

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Source FNA vol. 12, p. 301. FNA vol. 12, p. 259.
Parent taxa Euphorbiaceae > Euphorbia > subg. Esula Euphorbiaceae > Euphorbia > sect. Anisophyllum
Sibling taxa
E. aaron-rossii, E. abramsiana, E. acuta, E. agraria, E. albomarginata, E. alta, E. angusta, E. antisyphilitica, E. arizonica, E. astyla, E. austrotexana, E. bicolor, E. bifurcata, E. bilobata, E. blodgettii, E. bombensis, E. brachycera, E. capitellata, E. carunculata, E. chaetocalyx, E. chamaesula, E. cinerascens, E. commutata, E. conferta, E. cordifolia, E. corollata, E. cumulicola, E. cuphosperma, E. curtisii, E. cyathophora, E. cyparissias, E. davidii, E. deltoidea, E. dendroides, E. dentata, E. discoidalis, E. eriantha, E. exigua, E. exserta, E. exstipulata, E. falcata, E. fendleri, E. florida, E. floridana, E. garberi, E. georgiana, E. geyeri, E. glyptosperma, E. golondrina, E. gracillima, E. graminea, E. helioscopia, E. helleri, E. heterophylla, E. hexagona, E. hirta, E. hooveri, E. humistrata, E. hypericifolia, E. hyssopifolia, E. indivisa, E. innocua, E. inundata, E. ipecacuanhae, E. jaegeri, E. jejuna, E. laredana, E. lasiocarpa, E. lata, E. lathyris, E. longicruris, E. lurida, E. macropus, E. maculata, E. marginata, E. meganaesos, E. melanadenia, E. mendezii, E. mercurialina, E. mesembrianthemifolia, E. micromera, E. misera, E. missurica, E. myrsinites, E. nephradenia, E. nutans, E. oblongata, E. ocellata, E. ophthalmica, E. ouachitana, E. parishii, E. parryi, E. pediculifera, E. peplidion, E. peplus, E. perennans, E. pergamena, E. pinetorum, E. platyphyllos, E. platysperma, E. polycarpa, E. polygonifolia, E. polyphylla, E. porteriana, E. prostrata, E. pubentissima, E. purpurea, E. radians, E. rayturneri, E. revoluta, E. roemeriana, E. rosescens, E. schizoloba, E. serpens, E. serpillifolia, E. serrata, E. serrula, E. setiloba, E. simulans, E. spathulata, E. stictospora, E. strictior, E. telephioides, E. terracina, E. tetrapora, E. texana, E. theriaca, E. thymifolia, E. tithymaloides, E. trachysperma, E. trichotoma, E. vallis-mortae, E. velleriflora, E. vermiculata, E. villifera, E. virgata, E. wrightii, E. yaquiana
E. aaron-rossii, E. abramsiana, E. agraria, E. albomarginata, E. alta, E. angusta, E. antisyphilitica, E. arizonica, E. astyla, E. austrotexana, E. bicolor, E. bifurcata, E. bilobata, E. blodgettii, E. bombensis, E. brachycera, E. capitellata, E. carunculata, E. chaetocalyx, E. chamaesula, E. cinerascens, E. commutata, E. conferta, E. cordifolia, E. corollata, E. crenulata, E. cumulicola, E. cuphosperma, E. curtisii, E. cyathophora, E. cyparissias, E. davidii, E. deltoidea, E. dendroides, E. dentata, E. discoidalis, E. eriantha, E. exigua, E. exserta, E. exstipulata, E. falcata, E. fendleri, E. florida, E. floridana, E. garberi, E. georgiana, E. geyeri, E. glyptosperma, E. golondrina, E. gracillima, E. graminea, E. helioscopia, E. helleri, E. heterophylla, E. hexagona, E. hirta, E. hooveri, E. humistrata, E. hypericifolia, E. hyssopifolia, E. indivisa, E. innocua, E. inundata, E. ipecacuanhae, E. jaegeri, E. jejuna, E. laredana, E. lasiocarpa, E. lata, E. lathyris, E. longicruris, E. lurida, E. macropus, E. maculata, E. marginata, E. meganaesos, E. melanadenia, E. mendezii, E. mercurialina, E. mesembrianthemifolia, E. micromera, E. misera, E. missurica, E. myrsinites, E. nephradenia, E. nutans, E. oblongata, E. ocellata, E. ophthalmica, E. ouachitana, E. parishii, E. parryi, E. pediculifera, E. peplidion, E. peplus, E. perennans, E. pergamena, E. pinetorum, E. platyphyllos, E. platysperma, E. polycarpa, E. polygonifolia, E. polyphylla, E. porteriana, E. prostrata, E. pubentissima, E. purpurea, E. radians, E. rayturneri, E. revoluta, E. roemeriana, E. rosescens, E. schizoloba, E. serpens, E. serpillifolia, E. serrata, E. serrula, E. setiloba, E. simulans, E. spathulata, E. stictospora, E. strictior, E. telephioides, E. terracina, E. tetrapora, E. texana, E. theriaca, E. thymifolia, E. tithymaloides, E. trachysperma, E. trichotoma, E. vallis-mortae, E. velleriflora, E. vermiculata, E. villifera, E. virgata, E. wrightii, E. yaquiana
Synonyms Tithymalus crenulatus Chamaesyce acuta, E. acuta var. stenophylla, E. georgei
Name authority Engelmann: in W. H. Emory, Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound. 2(1): 192. (1859) Engelmann: in W. H. Emory, Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound. 2(1): 189. (1859) — name proposed for conservation
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