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white thoroughwort

boneset thoroughwort, Chapman's thoroughwort, common boneset, eupatoire perfoliée

Habit Perennials, 40–100+ cm. Perennials, 40–100+ cm.
Stems

(from short caudices or stout rhizomes) single, sparsely branched distally, pubescent throughout.

(from short caudices) single, sparsely branched distally, puberulent throughout.

Leaves

usually opposite (distal sometimes alternate);

sessile;

blades ± 3-nerved or pinnately nerved, elliptic to oblanceolate, 30–120 × 10–40 mm (lengths mostly 3–4 times widths), bases narrowly cuneate (sometimes oblique), margins subentire, serrate, or serrulate, apices rounded to acute, faces setulose (denser on midribs and veinlets) to glabrate, usually gland-dotted.

usually opposite (sometimes whorled);

sessile;

blades pinnately nerved, oblong (tapering toward apices), 50–150+ × 15–40 mm, bases connate-perfoliate, margins serrate, apices acute, faces pilose, gland-dotted (abaxial), glabrate, not gland-dotted (adaxial).

Florets

(4–)5;

corollas 4–4.5 mm.

7–11;

corollas 2.5–3 mm.

Phyllaries

9–15 in 2–4 series, linear, 1.5–9 × 0.6–1 mm, apices acuminate to attenuate, sometimes mucronate, abaxial faces pubescent throughout, gland-dotted.

7–10 in 1–2 series, oblong, 2–4.5 × 0.6–1 mm, apices (whitish) acute to acuminate, abaxial faces villous or puberulent, gland-dotted.

Heads

in corymbiform arrays.

in corymbiform arrays.

Cypselae

2.5–3.5 mm;

pappi of 40–50 bristles 3.5–4.5 mm.

1.5–2 mm;

pappi of 20–30 bristles 3–3.5 mm.

2n

= 20.

Eupatorium album

Eupatorium perfoliatum

Phenology Flowering Aug–Oct.
Habitat Moist, low ground, marshes, roadsides, swamps, wet pastures
Elevation 10–500+ m (0–1600+ ft)
Distribution
from FNA
AL; CT; DC; DE; FL; GA; KY; LA; MD; MS; NC; NJ; NY; OH; PA; SC; TN; VA; WV
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
AL; AR; CT; DE; FL; GA; IA; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; NC; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NY; OH; OK; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; TX; VA; VT; WI; WV; MB; NB; NS; ON; PE; QC
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Varieties 3 (3 in the flora).

Eupatorium album is represented by widespread diploid populations and by polyploid, apomictic populations, segregated as varieties, that may have arisen by hybridization with other species. Molecular data suggest that var. vaseyi arose via hybridization between var. album and E. sessilifolium. They also suggest that E. album var. subvenosum arose from hybridization between E. album var. album and E. serotinum.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Eupatorium perfoliatum is both distinctive, with its perfoliate leaf bases, and extraordinarily widespread. Hybrids between E. perfoliatum and other species of Eupatorium have been reported. The name E. resinosum var. kentuckiense Fernald is based on hybrids between E. perfoliatum and E. serotinum (= E. ×truncatum Muhlenberg ex Willdenow). Eupatorium perfoliatum var. colpophilum refers to populations characterized by narrower, more leathery leaves found in the extreme northeastern portion of the range.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Key
1. Leaf blades: margins coarsely serrate, apices obtuse to rounded, faces pubescent
var. album
1. Leaf blades: margins subentire, serrulate, or serrate, apices acute, faces pubescent to glabrate
→ 2
2. Leaf blades 3-nerved from bases, 40–70 × 10–20 mm, margins subentire to serrulate
var. subvenosum
2. Leaf blades 3-nerved distal to bases, 50–110 × 20–40 mm, margins evenly serrate
var. vaseyi
Source FNA vol. 21, p. 465. FNA vol. 21, p. 471.
Parent taxa Asteraceae > tribe Eupatorieae > Eupatorium Asteraceae > tribe Eupatorieae > Eupatorium
Sibling taxa
E. altissimum, E. anomalum, E. cannabinum, E. capillifolium, E. compositifolium, E. godfreyanum, E. hyssopifolium, E. lancifolium, E. leptophyllum, E. leucolepis, E. linearifolium, E. mikanioides, E. mohrii, E. perfoliatum, E. petaloideum, E. pilosum, E. resinosum, E. rotundifolium, E. semiserratum, E. serotinum, E. sessilifolium, E. ×cordigerum, E. ×pinnatifidum
E. album, E. altissimum, E. anomalum, E. cannabinum, E. capillifolium, E. compositifolium, E. godfreyanum, E. hyssopifolium, E. lancifolium, E. leptophyllum, E. leucolepis, E. linearifolium, E. mikanioides, E. mohrii, E. petaloideum, E. pilosum, E. resinosum, E. rotundifolium, E. semiserratum, E. serotinum, E. sessilifolium, E. ×cordigerum, E. ×pinnatifidum
Subordinate taxa
E. album var. album, E. album var. subvenosum, E. album var. vaseyi
Synonyms E. chapmanii, E. perfoliatum var. colpophilum, E. perfoliatum var. cuneatum
Name authority Linnaeus: Mant. Pl., 111. (1767): Syst. Nat. ed. 12, 2: 536. (1767) Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 2: 838. (1753)
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