Erythrostemon gilliesii |
Erythrostemon mexicanus |
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yellow bird-of-paradise |
Mexican bird-of-paradise |
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Habit | Shrubs, unarmed, to 3 m. Stems glabrous when young becoming short-pilose and capitate-glandular. | Shrubs or trees, unarmed, 1–6 m. Stems bark greenish gray, smooth, with raised orange-brown or pale gray lenticels in semaphore lines, inner bark green, glabrous or pubescent. |
Leaves | stipules subpersistent, lanceolate-ovate to deltate or suborbiculate, 3–4 mm, stiff to hard, fringed on margins, apex acuminate to rounded, surfaces pubescent, margins fimbriate-glandular; petiole 1.5–3 cm, with broad pulvinus at base, pulvinus channeled, glabrous or short-hairy; rachis 9.5–21.5 cm, glabrous or sparsely red-glandular; pinnae 8–15 pairs, opposite (proximally) to alternate (distally), also with terminal pinna; leaflets in 7–11 opposite pairs, blades oblong-elliptic to narrowly ovate, 6–11 × 2–3 mm, margins thickened, apex acute, midvein evident abaxially, surfaces glabrous; blades with submarginal row of black, punctate glands, these sometimes sparse or absent. |
stipules early caducous, ovate, 15 mm, base cordate-auriculate proximal to point of attachment, apex acute to rounded, surface glabrous, margins ciliate and glandular; petiole 2–8 cm, glabrous or pubescent, eglandular; rachis 4–12 cm, glabrous or pubescent, eglandular; pinnae 2–4(or 5) pairs, opposite, also with terminal pinna; leaflets in (2 or)3–5(or 6) opposite pairs, petiolulate, blades obovate-elliptic, median 10–28 × 7–18 mm, terminal 11–35 × 7–18 mm, base inequilateral, margins revolute, slightly thickened, apex obtuse, rounded, truncate or shallowly emarginated, main vein prominent abaxially, secondary veins brochidodromous, surfaces glabrous or moderately pubescent, or abaxially with small tuft of hairs in main vein axis; blades eglandular but with gland-tipped, cone-shaped appendages, clustered into a corona at pinnae insertions and a single gland-tipped appendage proximal to each leaflet pulvinule, these evident on very young foliage. |
Inflorescences | 30–40-flowered, terminal; axis spreading-pubescent, densely stipitate-glandular with pixie-cup glands; bracts caducous before anthesis, lanceolate-ovate, 18–23 mm, apex acuminate, pubescent with fimbriate-glandular margins. |
20–30+-flowered, axillary or terminal, compact or long and lax, erect, 4–30 cm; axis, pedicels, and calyces moderately pubescent or glabrous, eglandular; bracts early caducous, ovate, concave, 0.5–2 mm, glabrous with ciliate margins. |
Pedicels | unarticulate, 20–30 mm, abscising at base only, spreading-pubescent and densely stipitate-glandular with pixie-cup glands. |
articulate 2–7 mm proximal to calyx, 13–30 mm, when pubescent, hairs densest at point of articulation. |
Flowers | calyx lobes 18–25 mm, margins capitate-glandular ciliate, fringed at tip and slightly fringed on outer margin, abaxially short-pilose and capitate-glandular, adaxially glabrous; petals not clawed, blades glabrous and eglandular; banner broadly obovate, 22–32 × 17–20 mm, without appendage; lower laterals broadly obovate, 22–32 × 12–16 mm; upper laterals broadly obovate, 22–32 × 16–18 mm; filaments crimson, 70–95(–120) mm, pubescent on proximal 1/3; anthers 3 × 1.5 mm; ovary densely pubescent and stipitate-glandular; style crimson, 90–100(–120) mm, pubescent on at least proximal 1/3; stigma a terminal, funnel-shaped, unfringed chamber. |
calyx base tapering into distal section of pedicel, lobes 6–9 mm, lower lobe cucullate in bud, imbricate in anthesis, inner surface densely pubescent; petals clawed, blade base and claw pubescent; banner spotted or faintly streaked orange-red at base, obovate to cordate, 10–12 × 8–10 mm (including 1–1.5 mm claw), apex emarginate, abaxially stipitate-glandular with yellow or orangish glands on proximal 1/2, blade base and claw pubescent, claw margins stipitate-glandular, inner surface of claw without appendage or thickened ridge; upper laterals obovate-suborbiculate to cordate, 12–14 × 9–10 mm (including 1.5–2 mm claw), apex emarginate, base of blade and claw glandular abaxially, claw sparsely pubescent inside; lower laterals obovate-elliptic to cordate, apex emarginate; filaments 12–13 mm, pubescent on basal 1/2–3/4; anthers 2 × 0.8 mm; ovary pubescent and eglandular or densely glandular; style curved, 10 mm, pubescent; stigma a terminal, fringed, tubular or funnel-shaped chamber. |
Legumes | 8–10.8 × 1.9–2.1 cm, subligneous, finely pubescent, glandular with stipitate, pixie-cup glands, these wearing off as fruit matures. |
4.4–7.5 × 1.4–2 cm (including a 1.5 mm beak), subligneous, glabrous or moderately to sparsely glandular with sessile or short-stalked glands. |
Seeds | 1–6, 10 × 9 mm. |
(1 or)2–5, orbicular or cordate, 9–10 × 7.5–8.5 mm, shiny. |
2n | = 24. |
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Erythrostemon gilliesii |
Erythrostemon mexicanus |
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Phenology | Flowering nearly year-round. | Flowering Jan–Nov. |
Habitat | Disturbed areas, flood plains, rocky, thorn-scrub forests. | Low, deciduous forests, open semiarid scrub. |
Elevation | 0–1700 m. (0–5600 ft.) | 10–150 m. (0–500 ft.) |
Distribution |
AZ; CA; NM; NV; OK; TX; UT; South America (Argentina, Uruguay) [Introduced in North America; introduced also in Mexico, Africa, Australia] |
TX; Mexico (Baja California, Chihuahua, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Nayarit, Nuevo León, Querétaro, San Luis Potosí, Tamaulipas, Veracruz) |
Discussion | Erythrostemon gilliesii can create dense stands in forests. The species is cultivated as an ornamental nearly worldwide. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Erythrostemon mexicanus is cultivated as an ornamental in tropical and subtropical climates. The native range extends into extreme southern Texas as far northward as Webb County. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 11. | FNA vol. 11. |
Parent taxa | Fabaceae > subfam. Caesalpinioideae (excluding Mimosoid clade) > Erythrostemon | Fabaceae > subfam. Caesalpinioideae (excluding Mimosoid clade) > Erythrostemon |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | Poinciana gilliesii, Caesalpinia gilliesii | Caesalpinia mexicana, C. robinsoniana, Poincianella mexicana, P. robinsoniana |
Name authority | (Hooker) Klotzsch in J. H. F. Link et al.: Icon. Pl. Rar. 2: 98, plate 39. (1844) | (A. Gray) Gagnon & G. P. Lewis: PhytoKeys 71: 124. (2016) |
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