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yellow bird-of-paradise

tail nicker

Habit Shrubs, unarmed, to 3 m. Stems glabrous when young becoming short-pilose and capitate-glandular. Herbs, unarmed, to 1 m, base woody, from thick, woody rootstock.
Stems

several, glabrous, sparsely glandular.

Leaves

stipules subpersistent, lanceolate-ovate to deltate or suborbiculate, 3–4 mm, stiff to hard, fringed on margins, apex acuminate to rounded, surfaces pubescent, margins fimbriate-glandular;

petiole 1.5–3 cm, with broad pulvinus at base, pulvinus channeled, glabrous or short-hairy;

rachis 9.5–21.5 cm, glabrous or sparsely red-glandular;

pinnae 8–15 pairs, opposite (proximally) to alternate (distally), also with terminal pinna;

leaflets in 7–11 opposite pairs, blades oblong-elliptic to narrowly ovate, 6–11 × 2–3 mm, margins thickened, apex acute, midvein evident abaxially, surfaces glabrous;

blades with submarginal row of black, punctate glands, these sometimes sparse or absent.

stipules persistent, suborbiculate, 3 mm, base auriculate, apex rounded, surfaces pubescent, margins ciliate and fimbriate-glandular, scarious;

petiole 1.5–3 cm, glabrous, sparsely glandular;

rachis 3–5 cm, glabrous, sparsely glandular;

pinnae 2–4 pairs, opposite or subopposite, also with terminal pinna distinctly longer than lateral pinnae;

leaflets in 3–7 opposite pairs on lateral pinnae, 8–20 pairs on terminal pinna, blades obliquely ovate, terminal blades 1–6 × 0.5–4 mm, median blades 4.5–9 × 3.5–7 mm, fleshy, margins thickened, apex acute, apiculate, main and secondary veins brochidodromous, surfaces glabrous;

blades with dark, punctate glands sparsely scattered over abaxial surface or blades eglandular but gland-tipped at apiculate apex, with gland-tipped appendage at base of each petiolule insertion.

Inflorescences

30–40-flowered, terminal;

axis spreading-pubescent, densely stipitate-glandular with pixie-cup glands;

bracts caducous before anthesis, lanceolate-ovate, 18–23 mm, apex acuminate, pubescent with fimbriate-glandular margins.

6–15-flowered, axillary or terminal;

axis glabrous or very sparsely pubescent, also sparsely glandular;

bracts ovate, 3–4 mm, apex acute, pubescent and sparsely glandular.

Pedicels

unarticulate, 20–30 mm, abscising at base only, spreading-pubescent and densely stipitate-glandular with pixie-cup glands.

unarticulate, 5–8 mm, crinkled-pubescent with white hairs, sessile- and stipitate-glandular.

Flowers

calyx lobes 18–25 mm, margins capitate-glandular ciliate, fringed at tip and slightly fringed on outer margin, abaxially short-pilose and capitate-glandular, adaxially glabrous;

petals not clawed, blades glabrous and eglandular;

banner broadly obovate, 22–32 × 17–20 mm, without appendage;

lower laterals broadly obovate, 22–32 × 12–16 mm;

upper laterals broadly obovate, 22–32 × 16–18 mm;

filaments crimson, 70–95(–120) mm, pubescent on proximal 1/3;

anthers 3 × 1.5 mm;

ovary densely pubescent and stipitate-glandular;

style crimson, 90–100(–120) mm, pubescent on at least proximal 1/3;

stigma a terminal, funnel-shaped, unfringed chamber.

calyx lobes 7–7.5 mm, lower lobe cucullate, outer surface crinkled-pubescent and glandular (most glands sessile);

petals clawed, blades glabrous with pubescent claw margins, outer surfaces densely glandular with sessile, subglobose, mushroom cap-shaped glands;

banner broadly ovate, 8 × 8 mm (including 0.5 mm claw);

lower laterals oblanceolate, 10.5–12 × 4.5–5 mm (including 1.5 mm claw);

upper laterals broadly elliptic, 9–11 × 5.5–6 mm (including 0.5 mm claw);

filaments 10–11 mm, densely pubescent on basal 1/3–1/2, sparsely pubescent on distal 1/2–2/3, hairs mostly reflexed;

anthers 1.5 × 0.8 mm;

ovary densely lanate and densely sessile-glandular basally, or distal 1/2 and margin densely pubescent, basal 1/2 glandular;

style 10–11 mm, glabrous;

stigma a terminal, tubular or flared, fringed chamber.

Legumes

8–10.8 × 1.9–2.1 cm, subligneous, finely pubescent, glandular with stipitate, pixie-cup glands, these wearing off as fruit matures.

2.4–4.6 × 1–1.6 cm, papery or leathery, sparsely pubescent or glabrescent, sparsely to moderately glandular with short-stalked or sessile glands.

Seeds

1–6, 10 × 9 mm.

(1–)3 or 4.

2n

= 24.

Erythrostemon gilliesii

Erythrostemon caudatus

Phenology Flowering nearly year-round. Flowering nearly year-round.
Habitat Disturbed areas, flood plains, rocky, thorn-scrub forests. In orange or red sand, sandy gravel in open areas of mesquite.
Elevation 0–1700 m. (0–5600 ft.) 0–200 m. (0–700 ft.)
Distribution
from FNA
AZ; CA; NM; NV; OK; TX; UT; South America (Argentina, Uruguay) [Introduced in North America; introduced also in Mexico, Africa, Australia]
from FNA
TX; Mexico (Nuevo León, Tamaulipas)
Discussion

Erythrostemon gilliesii can create dense stands in forests. The species is cultivated as an ornamental nearly worldwide.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Erythrostemon caudatus is known from southern Texas northward to Dimmit County.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Source FNA vol. 11. FNA vol. 11.
Parent taxa Fabaceae > subfam. Caesalpinioideae (excluding Mimosoid clade) > Erythrostemon Fabaceae > subfam. Caesalpinioideae (excluding Mimosoid clade) > Erythrostemon
Sibling taxa
E. caudatus, E. mexicanus, E. phyllanthoides
E. gilliesii, E. mexicanus, E. phyllanthoides
Synonyms Poinciana gilliesii, Caesalpinia gilliesii Hoffmannseggia caudata, Caesalpinia caudata, Schrammia caudata
Name authority (Hooker) Klotzsch in J. H. F. Link et al.: Icon. Pl. Rar. 2: 98, plate 39. (1844) (A. Gray) Gagnon & G. P. Lewis: PhytoKeys 71: 120. (2016)
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