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yellow bird-of-paradise

Habit Shrubs, unarmed, to 3 m. Stems glabrous when young becoming short-pilose and capitate-glandular. Herbs, perennial, shrubs, or trees, armed or unarmed.
Stems

spreading, ascending, or erect, glandular or eglandular, glabrous or pubescent.

Leaves

stipules subpersistent, lanceolate-ovate to deltate or suborbiculate, 3–4 mm, stiff to hard, fringed on margins, apex acuminate to rounded, surfaces pubescent, margins fimbriate-glandular;

petiole 1.5–3 cm, with broad pulvinus at base, pulvinus channeled, glabrous or short-hairy;

rachis 9.5–21.5 cm, glabrous or sparsely red-glandular;

pinnae 8–15 pairs, opposite (proximally) to alternate (distally), also with terminal pinna;

leaflets in 7–11 opposite pairs, blades oblong-elliptic to narrowly ovate, 6–11 × 2–3 mm, margins thickened, apex acute, midvein evident abaxially, surfaces glabrous;

blades with submarginal row of black, punctate glands, these sometimes sparse or absent.

alternate, odd-bipinnate;

stipules present, caducous or persistent, ovate-lanceolate to orbiculate; petiolate or short-petiolate;

pinnae 2–15 pairs, alternate, opposite, or subopposite;

stipels present;

leaflets 7–23, opposite, blade margins entire, sometimes revolute, surfaces glabrous or pubescent, often glandular-punctate with conspicuous black, sessile glands along margins, these sometimes sunken in sinuses of crenulated margin.

Inflorescences

30–40-flowered, terminal;

axis spreading-pubescent, densely stipitate-glandular with pixie-cup glands;

bracts caducous before anthesis, lanceolate-ovate, 18–23 mm, apex acuminate, pubescent with fimbriate-glandular margins.

6–40+-flowered, axillary or terminal, racemes;

bracts present, persistent or caducous.

Pedicels

unarticulate, 20–30 mm, abscising at base only, spreading-pubescent and densely stipitate-glandular with pixie-cup glands.

Flowers

calyx lobes 18–25 mm, margins capitate-glandular ciliate, fringed at tip and slightly fringed on outer margin, abaxially short-pilose and capitate-glandular, adaxially glabrous;

petals not clawed, blades glabrous and eglandular;

banner broadly obovate, 22–32 × 17–20 mm, without appendage;

lower laterals broadly obovate, 22–32 × 12–16 mm;

upper laterals broadly obovate, 22–32 × 16–18 mm;

filaments crimson, 70–95(–120) mm, pubescent on proximal 1/3;

anthers 3 × 1.5 mm;

ovary densely pubescent and stipitate-glandular;

style crimson, 90–100(–120) mm, pubescent on at least proximal 1/3;

stigma a terminal, funnel-shaped, unfringed chamber.

caesalpinioid, monomorphic, androecium and gynoecium free, not cupped in lower sepal;

calyx zygomorphic, persistent, margins fimbriate-glandular, lobes 5;

corolla yellow (or orange, red, or white in ornamental plants);

stamens 10, distinct;

anthers versatile.

Fruits

legumes, sessile, flattened, straight or falcate, lanceolate-oblong, elastically dehiscent, subligneous, leathery, glandular or eglandular, pubescent or glabrous.

Legumes

8–10.8 × 1.9–2.1 cm, subligneous, finely pubescent, glandular with stipitate, pixie-cup glands, these wearing off as fruit matures.

Seeds

1–6, 10 × 9 mm.

(1–)3–6, brown, ovate.

x

= 12.

2n

= 24.

Erythrostemon gilliesii

Erythrostemon

Phenology Flowering nearly year-round.
Habitat Disturbed areas, flood plains, rocky, thorn-scrub forests.
Elevation 0–1700 m. (0–5600 ft.)
Distribution
from FNA
AZ; CA; NM; NV; OK; TX; UT; South America (Argentina, Uruguay) [Introduced in North America; introduced also in Mexico, Africa, Australia]
w United States; Mexico; Central America; South America; s United States [Introduced in Africa, Australia]
Discussion

Erythrostemon gilliesii can create dense stands in forests. The species is cultivated as an ornamental nearly worldwide.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Species ca. 30 (4 in the flora).

In some species of Caesalpinia and allied genera, such as Erythrostemon, stalked glands in the shape of wine glasses have been called pixie-cup glands.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Key
1. Leaflets 3–7 pairs on lateral pinnae, 8–20 pairs on terminal pinna.
E. caudatus
1. Leaflets on lateral and terminal pinnae ± equal in number (2–11 pairs).
→ 2
2. Filaments 70–95(–120) mm, much longer than banner; inflorescence axis densely stipitate-glandular; legumes 8–10.8 cm.
E. gilliesii
2. Filaments 9–13 mm, shorter to longer than banner; inflorescence axis eglandular; legumes 2.5–7.5 cm.
→ 3
3. Shrubs or trees, 1–6 m, not clonal; pinnae 2–4(or 5) pairs, leaflets (2 or)3–5(or 6) pairs, blades obovate-elliptic, 10–35 mm; calyx densely pubescent on inner surface, inflorescence moderately pubescent or glabrous; legumes 4.4–7.5 cm; seeds (1 or)2–5.
E. mexicanus
3. Herbs or shrubs, 0.3–0.8 m, clonal; pinnae 3 or 4 pairs; leaflets 2 or 3 pairs, blades obovate to elliptic, 4–11 mm; base of calyx and apex of pedicel stipitate-glandular, inflorescence otherwise eglandular; legumes 2.5 cm; seeds 1 or 2.
E. phyllanthoides
Source FNA vol. 11. FNA vol. 11. Author: Solange Sotuyo.
Parent taxa Fabaceae > subfam. Caesalpinioideae (excluding Mimosoid clade) > Erythrostemon Fabaceae > subfam. Caesalpinioideae (excluding Mimosoid clade)
Sibling taxa
E. caudatus, E. mexicanus, E. phyllanthoides
Subordinate taxa
E. caudatus, E. gilliesii, E. mexicanus, E. phyllanthoides
Synonyms Poinciana gilliesii, Caesalpinia gilliesii Poincianella
Name authority (Hooker) Klotzsch in J. H. F. Link et al.: Icon. Pl. Rar. 2: 98, plate 39. (1844) Klotzsch in J. H. F. Link et al.: Icon. Pl. Rar. 2: 97, plate 39. (1844)
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