Erythranthe grayi |
Phrymaceae |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gray's monkeyflower, mariposa monkeyflower |
lop-seed family, monkeyflower family |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||
Habit | Annuals, fibrous-rooted. | Herbs, subshrubs, or shrubs, annual or perennial, aquatic or terrestrial, sometimes fleshy, autotrophic. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Stems | erect, simple or branched from base, weakly 4-angled, 8–20 cm, glabrous. |
erect or ascending to prostrate, 4-angled, sometimes winged. |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
Leaves | basal and cauline; petiole 0 mm; blade palmately 3–5-veined, broadly ovate, 7–18 × 5–12 mm, base rounded, margins denticulate, apex acute, surfaces glabrous, rarely sparsely puberulent. |
deciduous or persistent, basal and cauline or all cauline, rarely subrosulate or rosulate (Erythranthe), opposite, or alternate distally, simple; stipules absent; petiole present or absent; blade fleshy, semi-fleshy, or not, not leathery, margins entire or toothed. |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
Inflorescences | terminal and axillary racemes or flowers solitary (Glossostigma, some Erythranthe, some annual plants); flowers erect to nodding or strongly reflexed and appressed to inflorescence axis (Phryma). |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||
Flowers | herkogamous, 2–20, from proximal to distal nodes. |
bisexual, perianth and androecium hypogynous; sepals (3 or)4 or 5, proximally connate, calyx radially or bilaterally symmetric; petals 3–5, proximally connate, corolla bilaterally symmetric, rarely nearly radially in reduced forms, strongly to weakly bilabiate, rarely nearly regular, salverform to tubular-funnelform, funnelform, campanulate, or compressed; stamens (2–)4, adnate to corolla, didynamous [both pairs of equal length in autogamous forms], staminode 0; pistil 1, 2-carpellate, ovary superior, (1 or)2-locular, placentation axile, basal (Phryma), or parietal (Diplacus, Mimetanthe); ovules anatropous or orthotropous (Phryma), unitegmic, tenuinucellate; style 1; stigma 1, 2-lobed. |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
Styles | glabrous. |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||
Corollas | rose red, throat pink lined with rose red and a yellow patch, abaxial ridges yellow, bilaterally symmetric, weakly bilabiate; tube-throat cylindric-funnelform, 8–11 mm, exserted beyond calyx margin; limb expanded 7–10 mm. |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fruiting pedicels | 6–7 mm, shorter than subtending leaves, glabrous. |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fruiting calyces | campanulate, 9–11 × 5–6 mm, margins subtruncate, glabrous, sometimes densely papillate at flowering with tiny, 1-celled, eglandular hairs, these apparently deciduous by fruiting, lobes reduced, subequal. |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fruits | capsules, dehiscence loculicidal [septicidal or irregular], or achenes [berry]. |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||
Capsules | included, 5–9 mm. |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||
Seeds | 1–2000, yellowish brown or brown, narrowly ellipsoid, slightly flattened bilaterally; embryo straight, endosperm sparse. |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||
Anthers | included, minutely villous-hirsute. |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||
Erythranthe grayi |
Phrymaceae |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||
Phenology | Flowering May–Jul(–Oct). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Habitat | Drying pond beds, creek banks, yellow pine, yellow pine-Libocedrus woodlands. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Elevation | 1000–1900 m. (3300–6200 ft.) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Distribution |
CA
|
North America; Mexico; Central America; w South America (primarily Andean); s Asia (India); se Asia; e Africa; Indian Ocean Islands (Madagascar); Pacific Islands (New Zealand); Australia [Introduced in Europe, s Africa] |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
Discussion | In addition to the features noted in the key and descriptions, the fruiting calyces of Erythranthe grayi are distinctly more inflated than those of E. acutidens and E. inconspicua. G. L. Nesom (2012g) maintained E. grayi as distinct from E. acutidens, relying primarily on fruiting pedicel length (see key above), but the two have nearly identical ranges (Tuolumne County south to Kern County), and study of additional collections suggests that only a single species may be represented. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Genera 13, species ca. 200 (6 genera, 139 species in the flora). Over one half of the species in Phrymaceae are members of Diplacus and Erythranthe and together include over 160 species; all other genera each have seven or fewer species. Until recently, Phrymaceae consisted only of Phryma leptostachya, a taxonomically isolated species of eastern North America and eastern Asia. Molecular studies have established a relationship not with the Verbenaceae, as was earlier postulated (see H. L. Whipple 1972; R. Venkata Ramana et al. 2000), but rather with Mimulus and other genera, suggesting that Phrymaceae should be enlarged. The sequence of genera in Phrymaceae here follows the phylogeny proposed by P. M. Beardsley and R. G. Olmstead (2002). One of the major lineages of Phrymaceae is primarily a Southern Hemisphere group ranging from Australia and New Zealand to southeastern and south Asia (India), Madagascar, and South Africa. Mimulus in the narrow sense, including the two endemic North American species, is part of this group, which includes 24 species in seven genera. The largest major lineage includes 158 species in five genera from North America, South America, and southeast Asia. This lineage includes two genera from Mexico and Central America: Hemichaena Bentham, which is sister to the North American Diplacus and Mimetanthe, and Leucocarpus D. Don, which is sister to the American and Asian Erythranthe. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
Key |
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||
Source | FNA vol. 17, p. 382. | FNA vol. 17, p. 365. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Parent taxa | Phrymaceae > Erythranthe | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sibling taxa | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Subordinate taxa | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Synonyms | Mimulus grayi | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Name authority | (A. L. Grant) G. L. Nesom: Phytoneuron 2012-39: 34. (2012) | Schauer | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Web links |
|