Erythranthe breviflora |
Phrymaceae |
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short-flower monkey-flower |
lop-seed family, monkeyflower family |
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Habit | Annuals, shallowly fibrous-rooted. | Herbs, subshrubs, or shrubs, annual or perennial, aquatic or terrestrial, sometimes fleshy, autotrophic. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Stems | ascending, geniculate at nodes, branched at proximal and medial nodes, 4–15 cm, minutely stipitate-glandular, hairs 0.1–0.3 mm, gland-tipped, sometimes minutely hirtellous, hairs sharp-pointed, eglandular. |
erect or ascending to prostrate, 4-angled, sometimes winged. |
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Leaves | usually cauline, basal usually deciduous by flowering; petiole 1–3 mm; blade palmately 3-veined, narrowly ovate or narrowly lanceolate to elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, largest 5–15 × 2–6 mm, relatively even-sized, or slightly reduced distally, base attenuate, margins entire, mucronulate, or denticulate, apex acute to obtuse, surfaces minutely stipitate-glandular, hairs 0.1–0.3 mm, gland-tipped, sometimes minutely hirtellous, hairs sharp-pointed, eglandular. |
deciduous or persistent, basal and cauline or all cauline, rarely subrosulate or rosulate (Erythranthe), opposite, or alternate distally, simple; stipules absent; petiole present or absent; blade fleshy, semi-fleshy, or not, not leathery, margins entire or toothed. |
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Inflorescences | terminal and axillary racemes or flowers solitary (Glossostigma, some Erythranthe, some annual plants); flowers erect to nodding or strongly reflexed and appressed to inflorescence axis (Phryma). |
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Flowers | plesiogamous, 10–20, from medial to distal nodes. |
bisexual, perianth and androecium hypogynous; sepals (3 or)4 or 5, proximally connate, calyx radially or bilaterally symmetric; petals 3–5, proximally connate, corolla bilaterally symmetric, rarely nearly radially in reduced forms, strongly to weakly bilabiate, rarely nearly regular, salverform to tubular-funnelform, funnelform, campanulate, or compressed; stamens (2–)4, adnate to corolla, didynamous [both pairs of equal length in autogamous forms], staminode 0; pistil 1, 2-carpellate, ovary superior, (1 or)2-locular, placentation axile, basal (Phryma), or parietal (Diplacus, Mimetanthe); ovules anatropous or orthotropous (Phryma), unitegmic, tenuinucellate; style 1; stigma 1, 2-lobed. |
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Styles | glabrous. |
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Corollas | yellow, red-spotted or striped, bilaterally symmetric, weakly bilabiate; tube-throat cylindric to narrowly funnelform, 3.5–5 mm, not exserted beyond calyx margin; limb barely widened, lobes broadly obovate, apex rounded. |
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Fruiting pedicels | straight, 5–11 mm, minutely stipitate-glandular, hairs 0.1–0.3 mm, gland-tipped, sometimes minutely hirtellous, hairs sharp-pointed, eglandular. |
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Fruiting calyces | winged, plicate-angled, campanulate becoming ovoid-ellipsoid to campanulate, distinctly inflated, 5–6 mm, margins distinctly toothed or lobed, sparsely, minutely hirtellous, eglandular, sometimes sparsely sessile-glandular, lobes pronounced, erect. |
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Fruits | capsules, dehiscence loculicidal [septicidal or irregular], or achenes [berry]. |
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Capsules | included, 4–6 mm. |
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Seeds | 1–2000, yellowish brown or brown, narrowly ellipsoid, slightly flattened bilaterally; embryo straight, endosperm sparse. |
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Anthers | included, glabrous. |
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Erythranthe breviflora |
Phrymaceae |
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Phenology | Flowering May–Jul. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Habitat | Stream and lake sides, gravel bars, springs, moist slopes, damp swales between dunes, along trails. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Elevation | 700–2300 m. (2300–7500 ft.) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Distribution |
CA; ID; MT; NV; OR; WA; BC
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North America; Mexico; Central America; w South America (primarily Andean); s Asia (India); se Asia; e Africa; Indian Ocean Islands (Madagascar); Pacific Islands (New Zealand); Australia [Introduced in Europe, s Africa] |
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Discussion | Genera 13, species ca. 200 (6 genera, 139 species in the flora). Over one half of the species in Phrymaceae are members of Diplacus and Erythranthe and together include over 160 species; all other genera each have seven or fewer species. Until recently, Phrymaceae consisted only of Phryma leptostachya, a taxonomically isolated species of eastern North America and eastern Asia. Molecular studies have established a relationship not with the Verbenaceae, as was earlier postulated (see H. L. Whipple 1972; R. Venkata Ramana et al. 2000), but rather with Mimulus and other genera, suggesting that Phrymaceae should be enlarged. The sequence of genera in Phrymaceae here follows the phylogeny proposed by P. M. Beardsley and R. G. Olmstead (2002). One of the major lineages of Phrymaceae is primarily a Southern Hemisphere group ranging from Australia and New Zealand to southeastern and south Asia (India), Madagascar, and South Africa. Mimulus in the narrow sense, including the two endemic North American species, is part of this group, which includes 24 species in seven genera. The largest major lineage includes 158 species in five genera from North America, South America, and southeast Asia. This lineage includes two genera from Mexico and Central America: Hemichaena Bentham, which is sister to the North American Diplacus and Mimetanthe, and Leucocarpus D. Don, which is sister to the American and Asian Erythranthe. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
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Key |
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Source | FNA vol. 17, p. 399. | FNA vol. 17, p. 365. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Parent taxa | Phrymaceae > Erythranthe | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Synonyms | Mimulus breviflorus | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Name authority | (Piper) G. L. Nesom: Phytoneuron 2012-39: 38. (2012) | Schauer | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
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