Erysimum repandum |
Erysimum |
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bushy wallflower, repand wallflower, spreading wallflower, treacle mustard |
wallflower |
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Habit | Annuals. | Plants not scapose; pubescent, trichomes sessile, medifixed, appressed, 2-rayed (malpighiaceous) or 3–5(–8)-rayed (stellate), rays (when 2) parallel to long axis of stems, leaves, sepals, and fruits. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Stems | erect, unbranched or branched basally, (0.4–)1.5–4.5(–7) dm. |
erect or ascending [decumbent], unbranched or branched basally and/or distally. |
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Leaves | basal and cauline; petiolate or sessile; basal rosulate or not, petiolate, blade margins usually entire, dentate, sinuate-dentate, or denticulate, rarely pinnatifid or pinnatisect; cauline petiolate or sessile, blade (base cuneate or attenuate [auriculate]), margins entire, dentate, denticulate, dentate-sinuate, or repand. |
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Basal leaves | (often withered by fruiting), similar to cauline. |
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Cauline leaves | (proximal and median) petiolate and (distal) sessile, (petiole (0.3–)0.5–2(–3) cm); blade [linear, narrowly oblanceolate, elliptic, or oblong, (1–)2–8(–11) cm × (2–)5–12(–17) mm, base attenuate], margins sinuate or coarsely dentate to denticulate or repand, (distal) entire or denticulate, (apex acute). |
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Trichomes | of leaves 2-rayed, mixed with fewer 3-rayed ones. |
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Racemes | considerably elongated in fruit. |
(densely flowered, E. pallasii bracteate basally). |
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Flowers | sepals linear-oblong, 4–6 mm, lateral pair not saccate basally; petals yellow, narrowly oblanceolate to spatulate, 6–8 × 1.5–2 mm, claw 3–6 mm, apex rounded; median filaments 4–6 mm; anthers narrowly oblong, 0.8–1.3 mm. |
sepals oblong or linear, lateral pair saccate or not basally (pubescent); petals suborbicular, obovate, or spatulate, claw differentiated from blade (subequaling or longer than sepals, apex rounded [emarginate]); stamens (erect), tetradynamous; filaments not dilated basally; anthers oblong or linear; nectar glands (1, 2, or 4), distinct or confluent, subtending bases of stamens, median glands present or absent. |
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Fruiting pedicels | divaricate, stout, as wide as fruit, 2–4(–6) mm. |
erect, ascending, divaricate, reflexed, horizontal, or spreading, slender or stout (nearly as wide as fruit). |
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Fruits | widely spreading to divaricate-ascending, narrowly linear, straight or curved upward, somewhat torulose, (2–)3–8(–10) cm × 1.5–2 mm, 4-angled, not striped; valves with prominent midvein, pubescent outside, trichomes 2-rayed and, fewer, 3-rayed, often glabrous, sometimes pubescent inside; ovules (40–)50–80(–90) per ovary; style cylindrical or subclavate, stout, 1–4 mm, sparsely pubescent; stigma slightly 2-lobed, lobes as long as wide. |
usually sessile, rarely shortly stipitate (gynophore to 4 mm), usually linear or narrowly so [oblong], smooth or torulose, (keeled or not); valves each with obscure to prominent midvein, pubescent outside, usually glabrous inside; replum rounded; septum complete, (not veined); ovules [15–]20–120 per ovary; (style relatively short, rarely 1/2 as long as or subequaling fruit, often pubescent); stigma capitate. |
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Seeds | oblong, 1.1–1.5 × 0.6–0.7 mm; not winged or, rarely, winged distally. |
plump or flattened, winged, margined, or not winged, oblong, ovoid, obovate, or suborbicular; seed coat (minutely reticulate), mucilaginous when wetted; cotyledons incumbent, rarely accumbent. |
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x | = (6) 7, 8 (9–17). |
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2n | = 16. |
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Erysimum repandum |
Erysimum |
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Phenology | Flowering Apr–Jun. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Habitat | Disturbed sites, roadsides, fields, waste places, barren hillsides, brush communities, pastures | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Elevation | 0-2100 m (0-6900 ft) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Distribution |
AL; AR; AZ; CA; CO; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; MI; MO; MS; MT; NC; NE; NJ; NM; NV; NY; OK; OR; PA; TN; TX; UT; VA; WA; WV; WY; BC; ON; QC; Eurasia; n Africa [Introduced in North America; introduced also in South America, Australia]
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North America; n Mexico; Central America; Europe; Asia; n Africa; Atlantic Islands (Macaronesia) [Introduced in South America, Australia] |
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Discussion | Species ca. 150 (19 in the flora). Erysimum is found in the northern hemisphere, primarily Asia and Europe, with eight species in northern Africa and Macaronesia, and one each endemic to Baja California (E. moranii Rollins) and Costa Rica and Guatemala (E. ghiesbreghtii J. D. Smith). Of the 21 species found in North America, four are naturalized. Most of the native species have x = 9 and are believed to represent a monophyletic group (R. A. Price 1987). Erysimum is a taxonomically difficult genus much in need of comprehensive phylogenetic and systematic studies covering its entire range. The principal sources of difficulty are the inflation in the number of species described, the heavy reliance on vegetative morphological characters in the delimitation of species, and the inadequacy of most herbarium specimens. In order to reliably identify a given sample, one often needs a complete specimen that has basal leaves, flowers, mature fruits, and seeds. Unfortunately, plants of most species shed their basal leaves or have no flowers when at full fruit maturity. Another complicating factor in North America is that almost all of the native species readily hybridize in areas of overlap to produce wide arrays of intermediates that backcross with the parents and blur species boundaries. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
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Key |
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Source | FNA vol. 7, p. 544. | FNA vol. 7, p. 534. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Parent taxa | Brassicaceae > tribe Erysimeae > Erysimum | Brassicaceae > tribe Erysimeae | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Synonyms | Cheirinia repanda | Cheiranthus, Cheirinia, Cuspidaria, Syrenia | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Name authority | Linnaeus: Demonstr. Pl., 17. (1753) | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 2: 660. (1753): Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 296. (1754) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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