Erysimum menziesii |
Erysimum |
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Menzies' wallflower |
wallflower |
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Habit | Biennials or perennials; (short-lived). | Plants not scapose; pubescent, trichomes sessile, medifixed, appressed, 2-rayed (malpighiaceous) or 3–5(–8)-rayed (stellate), rays (when 2) parallel to long axis of stems, leaves, sepals, and fruits. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Stems | erect, unbranched or branched distally, 0.2–2.5(–3.5) dm. |
erect or ascending [decumbent], unbranched or branched basally and/or distally. |
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Leaves | basal and cauline; petiolate or sessile; basal rosulate or not, petiolate, blade margins usually entire, dentate, sinuate-dentate, or denticulate, rarely pinnatifid or pinnatisect; cauline petiolate or sessile, blade (base cuneate or attenuate [auriculate]), margins entire, dentate, denticulate, dentate-sinuate, or repand. |
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Basal leaves | blade (fleshy or not), spatulate, 2–10 cm × 5–15 mm, base cuneate, margins dentate, entire, or lobed, apex obtuse. |
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Cauline leaves | (distal) sessile or short-petiolate; blade margins entire or dentate. |
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Racemes | elongated slightly in fruit. |
(densely flowered, E. pallasii bracteate basally). |
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Flowers | sepals oblong, 7–14 mm, lateral pair saccate basally; petals yellow, usually suborbicular, rarely obovate, 15–30 × 6–14 mm, claw 10–15 mm, apex rounded; median filaments 10–13 mm; anthers linear, 3–4 mm. |
sepals oblong or linear, lateral pair saccate or not basally (pubescent); petals suborbicular, obovate, or spatulate, claw differentiated from blade (subequaling or longer than sepals, apex rounded [emarginate]); stamens (erect), tetradynamous; filaments not dilated basally; anthers oblong or linear; nectar glands (1, 2, or 4), distinct or confluent, subtending bases of stamens, median glands present or absent. |
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Fruiting pedicels | horizontal to divaricate, slender, narrower than fruit, 4–15 mm. |
erect, ascending, divaricate, reflexed, horizontal, or spreading, slender or stout (nearly as wide as fruit). |
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Fruits | widely spreading or divaricate, linear, straight, not torulose, 3–14 cm × 2–4 mm, terete when green, becoming latiseptate when dry, not striped; valves with obscure midvein, pubescent outside, trichomes (2 or) 3 or 4 (or 6)-rayed, glabrous inside; ovules 32–74 per ovary; style cylindrical, slender, 0.3–2 mm, sparsely pubescent; stigma 2-lobed, lobes as long as wide. |
usually sessile, rarely shortly stipitate (gynophore to 4 mm), usually linear or narrowly so [oblong], smooth or torulose, (keeled or not); valves each with obscure to prominent midvein, pubescent outside, usually glabrous inside; replum rounded; septum complete, (not veined); ovules [15–]20–120 per ovary; (style relatively short, rarely 1/2 as long as or subequaling fruit, often pubescent); stigma capitate. |
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Seeds | oblong (compressed), 1.8–2.8(–3.5) × 1–2 mm; winged distally (wing narrow all around). |
plump or flattened, winged, margined, or not winged, oblong, ovoid, obovate, or suborbicular; seed coat (minutely reticulate), mucilaginous when wetted; cotyledons incumbent, rarely accumbent. |
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Trichomes | of leaves 2–5(–7)-rayed on adaxial leaf surface. |
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x | = (6) 7, 8 (9–17). |
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2n | = 36. |
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Erysimum menziesii |
Erysimum |
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Phenology | Flowering Jan–Aug. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Habitat | Stabilized coastal sand dunes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Elevation | 0-300 m (0-1000 ft) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Distribution |
CA
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North America; n Mexico; Central America; Europe; Asia; n Africa; Atlantic Islands (Macaronesia) [Introduced in South America, Australia] |
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Discussion | Of conservation concern. Erysimum menziesii is restricted to the coasts of Humboldt, Mendocino, and Monterey counties. R. A. Price (1993) divided the species into four subspecies, three of which were invalidly published. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Species ca. 150 (19 in the flora). Erysimum is found in the northern hemisphere, primarily Asia and Europe, with eight species in northern Africa and Macaronesia, and one each endemic to Baja California (E. moranii Rollins) and Costa Rica and Guatemala (E. ghiesbreghtii J. D. Smith). Of the 21 species found in North America, four are naturalized. Most of the native species have x = 9 and are believed to represent a monophyletic group (R. A. Price 1987). Erysimum is a taxonomically difficult genus much in need of comprehensive phylogenetic and systematic studies covering its entire range. The principal sources of difficulty are the inflation in the number of species described, the heavy reliance on vegetative morphological characters in the delimitation of species, and the inadequacy of most herbarium specimens. In order to reliably identify a given sample, one often needs a complete specimen that has basal leaves, flowers, mature fruits, and seeds. Unfortunately, plants of most species shed their basal leaves or have no flowers when at full fruit maturity. Another complicating factor in North America is that almost all of the native species readily hybridize in areas of overlap to produce wide arrays of intermediates that backcross with the parents and blur species boundaries. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
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Key |
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Source | FNA vol. 7, p. 542. | FNA vol. 7, p. 534. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Parent taxa | Brassicaceae > tribe Erysimeae > Erysimum | Brassicaceae > tribe Erysimeae | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sibling taxa | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Synonyms | Hesperis menziesii, Cheiranthus grandiflorus | Cheiranthus, Cheirinia, Cuspidaria, Syrenia | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Name authority | (Hooker) Wettstein: Oesterr. Bot. Z. 39: 283. (1889) | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 2: 660. (1753): Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 296. (1754) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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