Erysimum cheiri |
Erysimum |
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Aegean wallflower, common wallflower, European wallflower, wallflower |
wallflower |
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Habit | Biennials or subshrubs. | Plants not scapose; pubescent, trichomes sessile, medifixed, appressed, 2-rayed (malpighiaceous) or 3–5(–8)-rayed (stellate), rays (when 2) parallel to long axis of stems, leaves, sepals, and fruits. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Stems | erect, unbranched or branched distally, (woody at base when subshrubs), 1.5–8 dm. |
erect or ascending [decumbent], unbranched or branched basally and/or distally. |
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Leaves | basal and cauline; petiolate or sessile; basal rosulate or not, petiolate, blade margins usually entire, dentate, sinuate-dentate, or denticulate, rarely pinnatifid or pinnatisect; cauline petiolate or sessile, blade (base cuneate or attenuate [auriculate]), margins entire, dentate, denticulate, dentate-sinuate, or repand. |
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Basal leaves | (rosulate when biennial, often withered by fruiting), similar to cauline. |
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Cauline leaves | petiolate; blade (obovate to oblanceolate, 4–22 cm × 3–12 mm, base cuneate to attenuate), margins entire to repand. |
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Racemes | considerably elongated in fruit. |
(densely flowered, E. pallasii bracteate basally). |
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Flowers | sepals oblong, 6–10 mm, lateral pair not or slightly saccate basally; petals orange, yellow, brown, red, purple, violet, or white, broadly obovate to suborbicular, 20–35x 5–10 mm, claw 7–12 mm, apex rounded; median filaments 7–9 mm; anthers linear, 2.5–3.5 mm. |
sepals oblong or linear, lateral pair saccate or not basally (pubescent); petals suborbicular, obovate, or spatulate, claw differentiated from blade (subequaling or longer than sepals, apex rounded [emarginate]); stamens (erect), tetradynamous; filaments not dilated basally; anthers oblong or linear; nectar glands (1, 2, or 4), distinct or confluent, subtending bases of stamens, median glands present or absent. |
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Fruiting pedicels | divaricate-ascending to ascending, slender, narrower than fruit, 7–13 mm. |
erect, ascending, divaricate, reflexed, horizontal, or spreading, slender or stout (nearly as wide as fruit). |
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Fruits | ascending, narrowly linear, straight, not torulose, 3–10 cm × 2–7 mm, latiseptate to terete, not striped; valves with prominent midvein, pubescent outside, trichomes 2-rayed, glabrous inside; ovules 32–44 per ovary; style cylindrical or subconical, slender, 0.5–4 mm, pubescent; stigma strongly 2-lobed, lobes much longer than wide. |
usually sessile, rarely shortly stipitate (gynophore to 4 mm), usually linear or narrowly so [oblong], smooth or torulose, (keeled or not); valves each with obscure to prominent midvein, pubescent outside, usually glabrous inside; replum rounded; septum complete, (not veined); ovules [15–]20–120 per ovary; (style relatively short, rarely 1/2 as long as or subequaling fruit, often pubescent); stigma capitate. |
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Seeds | ovate, 2–4 × 1.5–3 mm; wing continuous or distal. |
plump or flattened, winged, margined, or not winged, oblong, ovoid, obovate, or suborbicular; seed coat (minutely reticulate), mucilaginous when wetted; cotyledons incumbent, rarely accumbent. |
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Tri | -chomes of leaves 2-rayed, rarely mixed with fewer 3-rayed ones apically. |
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x | = (6) 7, 8 (9–17). |
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2n | = 12. |
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Erysimum cheiri |
Erysimum |
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Phenology | Flowering Apr–Jul. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Habitat | Disturbed sites, lawns, abandoned gardens | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Elevation | 0-1500 m (0-4900 ft) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Distribution |
CA; BC; QC; YT; Europe [Introduced in North America]
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North America; n Mexico; Central America; Europe; Asia; n Africa; Atlantic Islands (Macaronesia) [Introduced in South America, Australia] |
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Discussion | Erysimum cheiri is a widely cultivated ornamental of European origin. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Species ca. 150 (19 in the flora). Erysimum is found in the northern hemisphere, primarily Asia and Europe, with eight species in northern Africa and Macaronesia, and one each endemic to Baja California (E. moranii Rollins) and Costa Rica and Guatemala (E. ghiesbreghtii J. D. Smith). Of the 21 species found in North America, four are naturalized. Most of the native species have x = 9 and are believed to represent a monophyletic group (R. A. Price 1987). Erysimum is a taxonomically difficult genus much in need of comprehensive phylogenetic and systematic studies covering its entire range. The principal sources of difficulty are the inflation in the number of species described, the heavy reliance on vegetative morphological characters in the delimitation of species, and the inadequacy of most herbarium specimens. In order to reliably identify a given sample, one often needs a complete specimen that has basal leaves, flowers, mature fruits, and seeds. Unfortunately, plants of most species shed their basal leaves or have no flowers when at full fruit maturity. Another complicating factor in North America is that almost all of the native species readily hybridize in areas of overlap to produce wide arrays of intermediates that backcross with the parents and blur species boundaries. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
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Key |
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Source | FNA vol. 7, p. 539. | FNA vol. 7, p. 534. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Parent taxa | Brassicaceae > tribe Erysimeae > Erysimum | Brassicaceae > tribe Erysimeae | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Synonyms | Cheiranthus cheiri | Cheiranthus, Cheirinia, Cuspidaria, Syrenia | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Name authority | (Linnaeus) Crantz: Cl. Crucif. Emend., 116. (1769) | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 2: 660. (1753): Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 296. (1754) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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