Ericameria
Ericameria nauseosa
goldenbrush, goldenbush, rabbit-brush
chamisa, common rabbit-brush, gray rabbitbrush, rabbitbrush, rubber rabbitbrush
usually erect to ascending, rarely prostrate, fastigiately or intricately branched (bark typically tan to reddish brown, becoming gray, twigs usually green to gray or yellowish), glabrous or sparsely to densely hairy (often tomentose), often gland-dotted, sometimes resinous or stipitate-glandular.
erect or ascending to spreading, white to green, fastigiately branched, tomentose.
(mostly persistent) cauline (often crowded, axillary leaf fascicles sometimes present);
petiolate or sessile;
blades (green to grayish; midnerves obscure to prominent, sometimes with 2 collateral veins), cuneate, elliptic, filiform, lanceolate, linear, oblanceolate, obovate, or spatulate (adaxially sulcate, concave, or flat), margins entire (sometimes undulate or crisped; apices acute to rounded or retuse), faces glabrous or sparsely to densely hairy (often tomentose), often stipitate-glandular, sometimes gland-dotted or resinous.
(usually crowded) usually ascending to spreading;
blades filiform to narrowly oblanceolate (mostly adaxially sulcate to concave), 10–70 × 0.3–10 mm, midnerves mostly evident, apices acute, faces glabrous or tomentose, often gland-dotted (lacking well-defined circular pits);
axillary fascicles absent.
1–20 mm (bracts usually 0, sometimes 1–5, reduced, scalelike).
campanulate, cylindric, hemispheric, obconic, or turbinate, (4–19+ ×) 2–18 mm.
obconic to subcylindric, 6–16 × 2–4 mm.
slightly convex, pitted, epaleate.
0, or 1–18, pistillate, fertile;
corollas usually yellow (white in E. gilmanii and E. resinosa), (laminae elliptic to oblong, apices shallowly notched or toothed).
0.
4–70, bisexual, fertile;
corollas usually yellow (white in E. gilmanii and E. resinosa), tubes shorter than narrowly funnelform to campanulate throats, lobes 5, erect to spreading or reflexed, deltate to triangular;
style-branch appendages lanceolate to subulate.
(4–)5(–6);
corollas 6–12 mm.
8–60 in 2–7 series (often in vertical ranks), 1-nerved (midnerves obscure or evident, sometimes enlarged subapically and glandular) ovate, lanceolate, or elliptic, strongly unequal to subequal, outer often herbaceous or herbaceous-tipped, otherwise mostly chartaceous, (apices erect, spreading, or reflexed, acute or acuminate to cuspidate or obtuse), faces sometimes stipitate-glandular, often resinous.
10–31 in 3–5 series (often in vertical ranks), tan, ovate to lanceolate, 1.5–14 × 0.7–1.5 mm, strongly unequal, mostly chartaceous (mostly keeled), midnerves raised for nearly entire lengths, expanded apically, apices acute to obtuse, abaxial faces resinous.
radiate or discoid, borne singly or in cymiform or racemiform, sometimes highly branched and paniculiform or thyrsiform, arrays.
in rounded to flat-topped, cymiform arrays (to 12 cm wide).
(tan to reddish brown) usually prismatic, sometimes cylindric, ellipsoid, obconic, or turbinate, 5–12-ribbed, faces glabrous or sparsely to densely hairy, sometimes gland-dotted;
pappi persistent or tardily falling, of 20–60 whitish or tan to reddish, subequal, fine, barbellate, apically attenuate bristles in 1 series.
tan, turbinate to cylindric or oblanceoloid, 3–8 mm, glabrous or hairy (often ± pilose or sericeous);
pappi whitish, 3–13 mm.
= 9.
= 18.
Ericameria
Ericameria nauseosa
Species 36 (34 in the flora).
Two species, Ericameria juarezensis and E. martirensis, are known only from mountains in northern Baja California, Mexico. The plants inhabit rock outcrops and dry, stony or sandy substrates of western North America. Some taxa are widespread and codominant in scrub communities of that region; others have restricted distributions. Systematic and phylogenetic investigations have resulted in the expansion of Ericameria to include certain taxa previously assigned to Chrysothamnus as well as taxa treated in Haplopappus. Except for E. laricifolia, taxa in Texas previously included in Ericameria are but distantly related and have been excluded from the genus.
In the descriptions below, short-stipitate-glandular refers to hairs with stalks less than 1/2 as long as the diameter of the distal gland, long-stipitate-glandular to hairs with stalks clearly visible, 1–3-times longer than the diameter of the distal gland.
(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)
Varieties 21 (21 in the flora).
Ericameria nauseosa is widespread, often abundant, and complex. This treatment is based largely on that by L. C. Anderson (1986b). Uncertainty about the specimen used by Pursh to establish E. nauseosa (as Chrysocoma nauseosa) is a possible source of confusion concerning the application of that name (which is in current use) and of the name Chrysothamnus speciosus Nuttall (J. L. Reveal et al. 1999). Anderson divided the species into two informal groups, the “green forms” and the “gray forms.” These two groups were formalized as subspp. nauseosa and consimilis by G. L. Nesom and G. I. Baird (1993), each containing varieties. Ericameria nauseosa is reported to hybridize with other species in the genus, and hybrid and formula names have been applied to them. Their synonymies were more fully summarized by Nesom and Baird.
Ericameria ×bolanderi (A. Gray) G. L. Nesom & G. I. Baird, based on Linosyris bolanderi A. Gray is the hybrid between E. discoidea and E. nauseosa (L. C. Anderson and J. L. Reveal 1966).
Ericameria ×uintahensis (L. C. Anderson) G. L. Nesom & G. I. Baird, “Uinta rubber rabbitbrush,” based on Chrysothamnus nauseosus subsp. uintahensis L. C. Anderson, is the hybrid between E. nauseosa and E. parryi (L. C. Anderson 1984).
Ericameria ×viscosa (D. D. Keck) G. L. Nesom & G. I. Baird, based on Chrysothamnus nauseosus subsp. viscosus D. D. Keck, is the hybrid between E. cuneata and E. nauseosa (L. C. Anderson 1986b).
(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)
1. Phyllaries usually subequal (outer more than 1/2 or equaling or longer than inner; sometimes unequal in E. resinosa), entirely herbaceous and leaflike or wholly chartaceous (sometimes each outer phyllary with an herbaceous or chartaceous appendage) | → 2 |
1. Phyllaries unequal, chartaceous or outer wholly herbaceous or with herbaceous tips or subapical patches | → 15 |
2. Ray florets usually 1–18, sometimes 0 (in E. greenei) | → 3 |
2. Ray florets 0 | → 9 |
3. Leaves gland-dotted (in circular, deep pits); heads borne singly; peduncles 20–70 mm (bracts usually 0); florets 23–78 | E. linearifolia |
3. Leaves resinous, gland-dotted (sessile), or stipitate-glandular; heads usually in cymiform or racemiform arrays, rarely borne singly; peduncles usually 0.3–20 mm (if longer, leafy-bracteate); florets usually 4–30 (15–40 in E. suffruticosa, a stipitate-glandular species) | → 4 |
4. Stems and leaves stipitate-glandular | → 5 |
4. Stems and leaves glabrous, tomentose, or gland-dotted (sessile or in pits) | → 7 |
5. Phyllaries unequal (outer usually ca. 1/2 as long as involucres), outer herbaceous or herbaceous-appendaged, midnerves evident | E. watsonii |
5. Phyllaries subequal (outer mostly longer than and overtopping inner), herbaceous or herbaceous-appendaged, midnerves (plus 2, fainter, lateral nerves) often evident | → 6 |
6. Heads in congested, cymiform or racemiform arrays; disc florets 7–20 | E. greenei |
6. Heads often borne singly or (2–3) in (leafy) racemiform arrays; disc florets 15–40 | E. suffruticosa |
7. Disc florets 10–15; corollas (white) 6–8 mm | E. resinosa |
7. Disc florets 4–14; corollas (yellow) 7–11 mm | → 8 |
8. Ray laminae 6–12 mm; nw North America | E. bloomeri |
8. Ray laminae 3–4 mm; s Utah | E. lignumviridis |
9. Twigs resinous or stipitate-glandular (not tomentose, non-glandular hairs sometimes interspersed, never abundant) | → 10 |
9. Twigs densely hairy (sometimes tomentose), eglandular | → 12 |
10. Cypselae sparsely, evenly strigose (leaf margins crisped) | E. crispa |
10. Cypselae glabrous, glabrate, or apically sparsely hairy (leaf margins flat) | → 11 |
11. Involucres 12–15 mm; disc corollas 9.1–11.5 mm (style branches 3.2–4.5 mm); s Nevada | E. compacta |
11. Involucres 14–22 mm; disc corollas 9.5–12 mm (style branches 4.2–5.2 mm); s Utah | E. zionis |
12. Leaves stipitate-glandular | → 13 |
12. Leaves glabrous or whitish tomentose (not stipitate-glandular) | → 14 |
13. Leaves 2–7 mm wide; Rocky Mountains | E. discoidea |
13. Leaves 1–2 mm wide; sw Montana, nw Wyoming | E. linearis |
14. Heads in congested, racemiform or cymiform clusters or paniculiform or thyrsiform arrays (heads sometimes 1–4 in E. parryi var. monocephala); leaves sometimes densely gray, greenish, or yellowish tomentose, not silvery white | E. parryi |
14. Heads borne singly or 2–3 in racemiform arrays; leaves densely, silvery white tomentose; Wyoming, adjacent Idaho (in E. parryi var. monocephala, single heads sometimes overtopped by leaves and phyllaries usually unequal; California, Nevada) | E. winwardii |
15. Leaves cuneate, elliptic, filiform, linear, oblanceolate, obovate, or spatulate (flat), 0.5–16 mm wide | → 16 |
15. Leaves elliptic, filiform, linear, oblanceolate, narrowly obovate, or spatulate (terete or adaxially sulcate), usually 0.3–2(–4) mm wide | → 21 |
16. Leaves cuneate, elliptic, obovate, or spatulate, apices usually obtuse, rounded, or retuse (sometimes acute in E. cervina) | → 17 |
16. Leaves elliptic, filiform, linear, oblanceolate, or oblong, apices acute | → 19 |
17. Leaves gland-dotted (in pits); ray florets usually 0 | E. cuneata |
17. Leaves stipitate-glandular or gland-dotted (sessile), resinous; ray florets usually 1–8, sometimes 0 | → 18 |
18. Leaves 9–18 × 2.5–4 mm; ray florets 3–4; nw Arizona, adjacent Nevada, Utah | E. cervina |
18. Leaves 10–30 × 4–12 mm; ray florets 4–9; mainly c, n Utah | E. obovata |
19. Stems and leaves short-stipitate-glandular; leaves 10–35 mm; ray florets 1–8 (Grand Canyon, Arizona) | E. arizonica |
19. Stems and leaves gland-dotted (sessile) or tomentose; leaves 25–80 mm; ray florets 0 | → 20 |
20. Disc florets 7–15; s California | E. parishii |
20. Disc florets (4–)5(–6); Utah | E. nauseosa |
21. Ray florets usually 0 (sometimes 1–2 in E. brachylepis) | → 22 |
21. Ray florets usually 1–10 (sometimes 0 in E. cooperi) | → 28 |
22. Phyllaries: midnerves mostly obscure, apices each bearing a subspheric resin-gland | E. teretifolia |
22. Phyllaries: midnerves usually raised and visible along entire length, apices sometimes with elongate, raised (never subspheric) glands | → 23 |
23. Outer and mid phyllary apices often cuspidate (bodies apically truncate or narrowing abruptly to bases of herbaceous appendages), tips spreading to recurved (phyllary apices long-attenuate in some varieties of E. nauseosa, then erect, not recurved, and stems densely tomentose) | → 24 |
23. Outer and mid phyllary apices acute to acuminate or rounded (bodies apically tapering), tips erect | → 25 |
24. Involucres 6–10 mm; Great Basin region | E. albida |
24. Involucres 10–15 mm; n California | E. ophitidis |
25. Young stems usually densely tomentose; leaves gland-dotted or resinous and gland-dotted (not in circular pits); phyllaries often in vertical ranks; disc florets (4–)5(–6) | E. nauseosa |
25. Young stems usually glabrous, gland-dotted, resinous; leaves gland-dotted (in circular, deep pits); phyllaries usually in spirals (sometimes in ± vertical ranks in E. paniculata); disc florets usually 6–25 | → 26 |
26. Young stems black-banded or splotched (from fungal infections); phyllary midnerves not or slightly raised; desert, California, Arizona, Nevada, sw Utah | E. paniculata |
26. Young stems without dark bands or splotches; phyllary midnerves raised and ± expanded distally; chaparral, California (E. brachylepis also disjunct in Arizona) | → 27 |
27. Leaves 25–90 mm; heads in cymiform arrays, peduncles 1–15 mm (bracts 0–7, scalelike); florets 10–25 | E. arborescens |
27. Leaves 10–25 mm; heads in racemiform to paniculiform arrays,peduncles 3–20 mm (leafy or bracteate); florets 6–16(–22) | E. brachylepis |
28. Phyllary apices (outer and mid) cuspidate, appendages squarrose or recurved, herbaceous (bodies apically obtuse to retuse; disc corollas white) | → 29 |
28. Phyllary apices acute to rounded or apiculate to cuspidate, appendages 0 or erect, sometimes herbaceous | → 30 |
29. Leaves narrowly obovate (sometimes conduplicate), 2–4 mm wide; Inyo County, California | E. gilmanii |
29. Leaves filiform to narrowly oblanceolate, 0.5–1.5 mm wide; Idaho, Oregon, Washington | E. resinosa |
30. Leaves sometimes gland-dotted (in irregular, shallow pits), resinous; mid phyllary apices often aristate to cuspidate, appendages erect (bodies apically obtuse or truncate to retuse, midnerves not evident or slightly raised, slightly expanded subapically); desert mountains, e California, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, Utah | E. nana |
30. Leaves gland-dotted (in circular, deep pits), often resinous; mid phyllary apices usually acute, obtuse, or rounded, if aristate to cuspidate, appendages erect (arising from acute, obtuse, or rounded body apices, midnerves raised and subapically expanded, usually each with conspicuous, subapical gland); Arizona, California, Nevada, New Mexico, w Texas, Utah | → 31 |
31. Peduncles 5–15 mm (bracts 0–2); flowering spring | E. cooperi |
31. Peduncles 1–30 mm (if 5+ mm, leafy); flowering late summer–fall | → 32 |
32. Axillary leaf fascicles sometimes present; desert mountains of California to Utah, w Texas, adjacent Mexico | E. laricifolia |
32. Axillary leaf fascicles usually present; California, Baja California (Mexico) | → 33 |
33. Outermost phyllaries not herbaceous-appendaged (apices rounded, acute, or acuminate); cypselae usually sericeo-villous to densely hairy | → 34 |
33. Outermost phyllaries herbaceous-appendaged; cypselae glabrous or hairy (more densely distally) | → 35 |
34. Phyllaries yellowish tan, 0.6–1.5 mm wide (apices acute to acuminate or cuspidate, midnerves ± thickened); disc florets 18–25; c California (Monterey County) | E. fasciculata |
34. Phyllaries tan, 0.4–0.8 mm wide (apices usually rounded or obtuse, rarely acute, midnerves conspicuously thickened); disc florets 6–20; s California (Ventura County and south) | E. palmeri |
35. Leaves 3–18(–23) mm; ray florets 2–6; disc florets 5–14; dunes or sand hills along or near coast, Los Angeles to Sonoma counties, California | E. ericoides |
35. Leaves 12–35 mm; ray florets 3–10; disc florets 11–25; usually sandy to stony, often disturbed, soils away from coast, Ventura County, California (and south) | E. pinifolia |
1. Cypselae glabrous | → 2 |
1. Cypselae hairy (± pilose or sericeous, only distally in var. washoensis) | → 11 |
2. Style appendages shorter than or equaling stigmatic portions | → 3 |
2. Style appendages longer than stigmatic portions | → 4 |
3. Corolla lobes 1.5–2.5 mm | var. oreophila |
3. Corolla lobes 0.6–1.3 mm; Guadalupe Mountains, New Mexico, Texas | var. texensis |
4. Corolla lobes villous | → 5 |
4. Corolla lobes glabrous | → 6 |
5. Plants 60–150 cm; involucres 10–12.5 mm; inner phyllary apices acute to obtuse; sandy gravels of dry streambeds, c, ne Arizona, New Mexico, Utah | var. nitida |
5. Plants 40–60 cm; involucres 11.2–16 mm; inner phyllary apices acute to short-acuminate; dunes and deep sands, nw Arizona, e Nevada, Utah | var. turbinata |
6. Phyllary abaxial faces (at least outer) tomentulose or scurfy-tomentulose | → 7 |
6. Phyllary abaxial faces usually glabrous (outer sometimes sparingly hairy in var. oreophila) | → 8 |
7. Stems nearly leafless (at flowering); leaves 15–30 × 0.5–1 mm; phyllary apices acute to acuminate | var. bigelovii |
7. Stems leafy; leaves 30–50 × 1–1.5 mm; phyllary apices acute (outer) to frequently obtuse (inner) | var. nitida |
8. Stems often leafless (at flowering); phyllary apices acute to obtuse; corolla lobes 0.5–1.1 mm | var. leiosperma |
8. Stems usually leafy; phyllary apices acute, acuminate, or cuspidate; corolla lobes 1.3–2.5+ mm | → 9 |
9. Plants 10–20 cm; involucres 12–16 mm; gypsiferous shale, Sevier County, Utah | var. iridis |
9. Plants 25–250 cm; involucres 6.5–12.5 mm; w United States (not on highly gypsiferous soils) | → 10 |
10. Corolla lobes 1.3–1.5 mm; leaves 1–2 mm wide; ec Utah | var. psilocarpa |
10. Corolla lobes 1.5–2.5 mm; leaves 0.8–1 mm wide; w UnitedStates | var. oreophila |
11. Style appendages usually shorter than stigmatic portions (equaling or shorter in var. lastisquamea, about equaling in var. oreophila) | → 12 |
11. Style appendages longer than stigmatic portions | → 16 |
12. Corolla lobes 0.5–1 mm | → 13 |
12. Corolla lobes 1.5–2.5 mm | → 14 |
13. Phyllaries tomentose; well-drained, gravelly or sandy slopes; c, w Arizona, s California, s Idaho, Nevada, New Mexico, se Oregon, Utah | var. hololeuca |
13. Outer phyllaries densely tomentulose, inner glabrous; dry streambeds and arroyos; se Arizona, New Mexico | var. latisquamea |
14. Phyllary apices recurved (s California) | var. ceruminosa |
14. Phyllary apices erect | → 15 |
15. Plants 10–30 cm; leaf blades 1–3 mm wide; Idaho, Oregon, Washington | var. nana |
15. Plants 70–250 cm; leaf blades 0.8–1 wide; w United States | var. oreophila |
16. Corolla lobes villous (sometimes sparsely) | → 17 |
16. Corolla lobes glabrous | → 20 |
17. Cypselae distally pilose; corolla lobes 1.3–1.6 mm; ne California, adjacent Nevada | var. washoensis |
17. Cypselae hairy throughout; corolla lobes 0.7–0.9 mm; Arizona, c, s Nevada, Utah | → 18 |
18. Stems usually leafless (at flowering); co-rollas 7–8.5 mm | var. juncea |
18. Stems at least moderately leafy; corollas 9.5–11.8 mm | → 19 |
19. Leaf blades 30–50 mm, faces glabrate; inner phyllary apices acute to obtuse; corolla lobes glabrous or villous; northern Arizona, ne New Mexico,s Utah | var. nitida |
19. Leaf blades 10–20 mm, faces tomentulose to densely tomentose; inner phyllary apices usually acute to acuminate; corolla lobes villous; e Nevada, Utah | var. turbinata |
20. Involucres 16–19 mm; phyllary apices ± recurved | var. arenaria |
20. Involucres 6–14.5 mm; phyllary apices erect | → 21 |
21. Stems nearly leafless (at flowering; s California, s Nevada) | var. mohavensis |
21. Stems leafy | → 22 |
22. Leaf blades 3–5-nerved, 3–6(–10) mm wide (mountains, Utah, Cache to Sevier counties) | var. salicifolia |
22. Leaf blades 1–3-nerved, 0.3–3 mm wide | → 23 |
23. Phyllaries usually glabrous, outer sometimes sparsely hairy | → 24 |
23. Phyllaries usually hairy (at least outer, sometimes ± tomentose), rarely glabrous | → 26 |
24. Corollas 10–12 mm; involucres 10–14 mm (s California) | var. bernardina |
24. Corollas 6–9+ mm; involucres 6–10 mm | → 25 |
25. Corolla lobes 0.6–1.5 mm; corolla tubes puberulent or glabrous; plains, Arizona, Utah, Wyoming eastward | var. graveolens |
25. Corolla lobes 1.5–2.5 mm; corolla tubes glabrous; Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, w Wyoming | var. oreophila |
26. Involucres 6–10 mm; corollas 6–9 mm | → 27 |
26. Involucres 7.5–14 mm; corollas 8.7–13 mm | → 28 |
27. Corolla tubes usually puberulent, rarely arachnose; plains and hills, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming | var. nauseosa |
27. Corolla tubes glabrous; Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, w Wyoming (mostly Great Basin) | var. oreophila |
28. Inner phyllary apices acute to obtuse; corolla lobes 0.7–1 mm (n Arizona, ne New Mexico, s Utah) | var. nitida |
28. Inner phyllary apices acuminate to acute; corolla lobes 1.1–2.3 mm | → 29 |
29. Stems yellowish green, becoming whitish, compactly tomentose; leaves yellowish green (s California) | var. bernardina |
29. Stems whitish, loosely tomentose; leaves dark green to grayish white | var. speciosa |
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