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Epilobium siskiyouense

Siskiyou fireweed, Siskiyou rock-fringe, Siskiyou willow-herb

brook spike-primrose, brook willowherb, narrow boisduvalia, stiff spikeprimrose, Torrey's epilobium, Torrey's willowherb

Habit Herbs ± suffruticose, shoots from woody caudex with barklike periderm extending to 40 cm below ground, shoots with scaly bases. Herbs with taproot.
Stems

several to many, erect to ascending, loosely clumped, terete, 10–25 cm, rarely branched distal to base, usually short-villous and strigillose throughout, mixed sparsely glandular puberulent distally, rarely subglabrous proximal to inflorescence.

erect, terete, (1–)4–65 cm, usually with several erect or ascending virgate branches proximally or simple, densely villous, sometimes mixed strigillose, or sometimes subglabrous.

Leaves

opposite proximal to inflorescence, alternate and usually crowded distally, sessile;

blade gray-green, narrowly to broadly ovate, 1.3–2.6 × 0.8–2 cm, base rounded to subcordate, margins usually serrulate, 6–12 teeth per side, rarely subentire, veins inconspicuous, 3–5 per side, apex rounded proximally to acute distally, surfaces sparsely short-villous to subglabrous and glaucous;

bracts much reduced.

opposite only in proximal pairs, distally alternate, subsessile, blade linear-lanceolate to very narrowly elliptic, 0.5–4.5 × 0.2–0.3(–0.6) cm, usually longer than internodes, base cuneate, margins subentire to sparsely serrulate, 2–5 low teeth per side, lateral veins obscure, 2–5 per side, apex acute, surfaces subglabrous proximally to densely villous and/or strigillose distally;

bracts slightly reduced.

Inflorescences

erect, compact racemes, densely canescent and glandular puberulent, or subglabrous, only ovaries pubescent.

erect spikes, simple or sparsely branched, ± densely villous and/or strigillose.

Flowers

erect;

buds often purplish green, 9–11 × 3.5–5 mm, blunt;

pedicel 6–12 mm;

floral tube 2.1–4 × 2.9–5 mm, prominent ring of tissue 0.3–0.6 mm wide, edged by spreading hairs, 0.9–1.8 mm from base of tube inside;

sepals purplish green, 5–10.5 × 2–3.5 mm, apex acute;

petals pink to rose-purple, obcordate, 10–22.5 × 9.5–15.5 mm, apical notch 2–6.5 mm;

filaments cream, those of longer stamens 6.5–14 mm, those of shorter ones 3.5–11 mm;

anthers cream 1.9–3.3 × 0.7–1.2 mm;

ovary 12–22 mm, ± densely canescent and glandular puberulent;

style white to light pink, 10.5–18 mm, sparsely villous just proximal to stigma, stigma broadly 4-lobed, 1–1.8 × 2.4–4.2 mm, exserted beyond anthers.

erect, often initiating in most proximal nodes, usually cleistogamous;

buds 0.8–1.5 × 0.5–1 mm;

floral tube 0.4–1 × 0.6–1.2 mm, ring of lax hairs near base inside;

sepals 0.7–2 × 0.4–0.8 mm;

petals pink with darker veins or white, 1.2–3.2 × 0.9–1.8 mm, apical notch 0.4–1 mm;

filaments pale pink, those of longer stamens 0.4–1.8 mm, those of shorter ones 0.3–1 mm;

anthers 0.3–0.6 × 0.3–0.4 mm, apiculate;

ovary 3–6 mm, densely pubescent;

style pale pink, 1.2–2.8 mm, stigma clavate to subcapitate or irregularly 4-lobed, 0.5–1.2 ×0.3–0.6 mm, surrounded by longer anthers.

Capsules

25–45 mm, surfaces canescent and glandular puberulent;

pedicel 6–25 mm.

cylindrical to subfusiform, terete to slightly 4-angled, (6–)8–14 × 1.1–2 mm, beak 2–3 mm, central column disintegrating, villous;

sessile.

Seeds

narrowly obovoid, 1.4–1.9 × 0.6–0.7 mm, with low, obscure chalazal collar, light brown, surface papillose;

coma easily detached, somewhat tawny, 4–8 mm.

3–6 per locule, irregularly angular-oblong or fusiform, 0.9–1.6 × 0.4–0.9 mm, chalazal collar absent, brown, surface irregularly reticulate.

2n

= 36.

= 18.

Epilobium siskiyouense

Epilobium torreyi

Phenology Flowering Jul–Aug. Flowering May–Aug.
Habitat Stream banks, moist, rocky slopes, montane ridges, sometimes on serpentine areas. Moist places along stream banks, seasonal streambeds, seeps, and roadside ditches, often in gravelly red or granite soil.
Elevation 1600–2500 m. [5200–8200 ft.] 0–2600 m. [0–8500 ft.]
Distribution
from FNA
CA; OR
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
CA; ID; NV; OR; WA; BC
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Epilobium siskiyouense is endemic to the Klamath region in southwestern Oregon (Jackson County) and north-central California in the Salmon, Scott Bar, and Siskiyou mountains of Siskiyou and Trinity counties. As noted by Hoch and Raven, this geographical range and several morphological features appear to be intermediate between those of E. obcordatum and E. rigidum. All three species have unusually large flowers (12–26 mm) with four-lobed stigmas, and as a group are quite distinct from their congeners in the region. Despite these similarities, the three taxa differ substantially in details of floral structure, especially regarding the dimensions of the floral tube. Specifically, E. rigidum has mean petal length 18.2 mm, floral tubes 1–1.6 × 2.5–3.6 mm; E. siskiyouense mean petal length 17.1 mm, floral tubes 2.1–4 × 2.9–5 mm; and E. obcordatum mean petal length 18.6 mm, floral tubes 3.2–5.2 × 2.2–3.6 mm. Thus, in flowers that are similar in overall size and aspect, E. rigidum has a very short, broad floral tube, E. obcordatum has a relatively long, narrow tube, and E. siskiyouense has a tube intermediate in size and shape. In terms of the ratio of tube length to width, the three taxa do not overlap. Although these characters are difficult to include in a key (since they require floral dissection and/or precise measurements), they are diagnostic for these species.

Epilobium siskiyouense has an additional diagnostic floral character that is unique in the genus. Whereas most other species of Epilobium have a simple ring of spreading hairs, sometimes with a low ridge of tissue near the mouth of the floral tube, E. siskiyouense has a relatively broad ring of tissue (0.3–0.6 mm wide), shaped like a washer, from which spreading hairs arise; this feature may provide protection for the nectar.

Epilobium siskiyouense has two distinct patterns of vestiture on the stems. In some specimens, the lower stems are mixed canescent and glandular puberulent and the inflorescence only glandular puberulent. In other specimens, the stems are subglabrous below a sparsely canescent and glandular puberulent inflorescence. There is no obvious correlation of this difference with any other morphological, ecological, or geographical factors.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Epilobium torreyi is an annual species that has a unique gametic chromosome number of n = 9, the lowest found in the genus. Its morphological similarity to Epilobium pallidum (n = 10) suggested to P. H. Raven and D. M. Moore (1965) that E. torreyi may be an aneuploid derivative of E. pallidum or a close relative.

No natural hybrids among species of sect. Pachydium have been reported, but in fact such plants might be difficult to detect. S. R. Seavey (1992) was able to form hybrids, but they were highly sterile. Nevertheless, hybridization between species with n = 9 and n = 10, followed by polyploidization, may well have given rise to the South American species of this section, Epilobium subdentatum (n = 19).

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Source FNA vol. 10. FNA vol. 10.
Parent taxa Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Epilobieae > Epilobium > sect. Epilobium Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Epilobieae > Epilobium > sect. Pachydium
Sibling taxa
E. anagallidifolium, E. arcticum, E. brachycarpum, E. campestre, E. canum, E. ciliatum, E. clavatum, E. cleistogamum, E. coloratum, E. davuricum, E. densiflorum, E. densum, E. foliosum, E. glaberrimum, E. hallianum, E. hirsutum, E. hornemannii, E. howellii, E. lactiflorum, E. leptocarpum, E. leptophyllum, E. luteum, E. minutum, E. mirabile, E. montanum, E. nevadense, E. nivium, E. obcordatum, E. obscurum, E. oreganum, E. oregonense, E. pallidum, E. palustre, E. parviflorum, E. rigidum, E. saximontanum, E. septentrionale, E. smithii, E. suffruticosum, E. torreyi
E. anagallidifolium, E. arcticum, E. brachycarpum, E. campestre, E. canum, E. ciliatum, E. clavatum, E. cleistogamum, E. coloratum, E. davuricum, E. densiflorum, E. densum, E. foliosum, E. glaberrimum, E. hallianum, E. hirsutum, E. hornemannii, E. howellii, E. lactiflorum, E. leptocarpum, E. leptophyllum, E. luteum, E. minutum, E. mirabile, E. montanum, E. nevadense, E. nivium, E. obcordatum, E. obscurum, E. oreganum, E. oregonense, E. pallidum, E. palustre, E. parviflorum, E. rigidum, E. saximontanum, E. septentrionale, E. siskiyouense, E. smithii, E. suffruticosum
Synonyms E. obcordatum subsp. siskiyouense, E. obcordatum var. laxum Oenothera torreyi, Boisduvalia parviflora, B. stricta, B. torreyi, Gayophytum strictum, Oenothera densiflora var. tenella
Name authority (Munz) Hoch & P. H. Raven: Madroño 27: 146. (1980) (S. Watson) Hoch & P. H. Raven: Phytologia 73: 458. (1993)
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