The green links below add additional plants to the comparison table. Blue links lead to other Web sites.
enable glossary links
Epilobium siskiyouense

Siskiyou fireweed, Siskiyou rock-fringe, Siskiyou willow-herb

Dahurian willowherb, northern swamp willowherb, épilobe de daourie

Habit Herbs ± suffruticose, shoots from woody caudex with barklike periderm extending to 40 cm below ground, shoots with scaly bases. Herbs with basal rosettes of linear leaves 12–40 × 2–5 mm.
Stems

several to many, erect to ascending, loosely clumped, terete, 10–25 cm, rarely branched distal to base, usually short-villous and strigillose throughout, mixed sparsely glandular puberulent distally, rarely subglabrous proximal to inflorescence.

erect, rarely clumped, terete, 10–40(–45) cm, usually simple, rarely branched, glabrous proximal to inflorescence with sparsely strigillose raised lines decurrent from margins of petioles, mixed strigillose and glandular puberulent distally.

Leaves

opposite proximal to inflorescence, alternate and usually crowded distally, sessile;

blade gray-green, narrowly to broadly ovate, 1.3–2.6 × 0.8–2 cm, base rounded to subcordate, margins usually serrulate, 6–12 teeth per side, rarely subentire, veins inconspicuous, 3–5 per side, apex rounded proximally to acute distally, surfaces sparsely short-villous to subglabrous and glaucous;

bracts much reduced.

opposite and crowded proximal to inflorescence, alternate and scattered distally, subsessile;

blade narrowly oblong or narrowly lanceolate to linear, (1.2–)2–4.5 × 0.1–0.5 cm, base attenuate, margins irregularly denticulate, 2–4 teeth per side, veins inconspicuous, 3 or 4 per side, apex subacute to obtuse or ± truncate, surfaces glabrous with sparsely strigillose margins and adaxial midrib;

bracts much reduced and narrower.

Inflorescences

erect, compact racemes, densely canescent and glandular puberulent, or subglabrous, only ovaries pubescent.

nodding in bud, suberect later, racemes, simple, mixed strigillose and glandular puberulent, sometimes subglabrous.

Flowers

erect;

buds often purplish green, 9–11 × 3.5–5 mm, blunt;

pedicel 6–12 mm;

floral tube 2.1–4 × 2.9–5 mm, prominent ring of tissue 0.3–0.6 mm wide, edged by spreading hairs, 0.9–1.8 mm from base of tube inside;

sepals purplish green, 5–10.5 × 2–3.5 mm, apex acute;

petals pink to rose-purple, obcordate, 10–22.5 × 9.5–15.5 mm, apical notch 2–6.5 mm;

filaments cream, those of longer stamens 6.5–14 mm, those of shorter ones 3.5–11 mm;

anthers cream 1.9–3.3 × 0.7–1.2 mm;

ovary 12–22 mm, ± densely canescent and glandular puberulent;

style white to light pink, 10.5–18 mm, sparsely villous just proximal to stigma, stigma broadly 4-lobed, 1–1.8 × 2.4–4.2 mm, exserted beyond anthers.

erect, sometimes starting in third most-proximal node;

buds 3–6.5 × 1–2 mm;

pedicel 4–15 mm;

floral tube 0.7–1.6 × 1–2.2 mm, with or often without ring of spreading hairs at mouth inside;

sepals 1.2–3.5 × 0.7–1.2 mm, apex subacute;

petals white, 2–5.5 × 1.2–3.1 mm, apical notch 0.3–1 mm;

filaments white or cream, those of longer stamens 1–2.5 mm, those of shorter ones 0.5–1.4 mm;

anthers cream, 0.4–0.6 × 0.3–0.5 mm;

ovary usually purplish red, 10–20 mm, sparsely mixed strigillose and glandular puberulent or subglabrous;

style cream or white, 0.7–2.5 mm, stigma cylindrical to clavate, entire, 0.8–2 × 0.2–1.2 mm, surrounded by anthers.

Capsules

25–45 mm, surfaces canescent and glandular puberulent;

pedicel 6–25 mm.

slender, 30–55 mm, surfaces sparsely strigillose and glandular puberulent;

pedicel 8–38 mm.

Seeds

narrowly obovoid, 1.4–1.9 × 0.6–0.7 mm, with low, obscure chalazal collar, light brown, surface papillose;

coma easily detached, somewhat tawny, 4–8 mm.

narrowly attenuate, 1.4–2 × 0.3–0.5 mm, chalazal collar conspicuous, 0.1–0.3 mm, light brown or blond, surface papillose;

coma persistent, white, 3–5 mm.

2n

= 36.

= 36.

Epilobium siskiyouense

Epilobium davuricum

Phenology Flowering Jul–Aug. Flowering Jul–Aug.
Habitat Stream banks, moist, rocky slopes, montane ridges, sometimes on serpentine areas. Subarctic open balsam poplar and spruce forests, taiga, wet meadows, boggy coastal areas, limestone barrens, wet marly soils.
Elevation 1600–2500 m. [5200–8200 ft.] 0–1500(–2000) m. [0–4900(–6600) ft.]
Distribution
from FNA
CA; OR
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
AK; AB; BC; MB; NF; NT; NU; ON; QC; SK; YT; Europe (Russia)
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Epilobium siskiyouense is endemic to the Klamath region in southwestern Oregon (Jackson County) and north-central California in the Salmon, Scott Bar, and Siskiyou mountains of Siskiyou and Trinity counties. As noted by Hoch and Raven, this geographical range and several morphological features appear to be intermediate between those of E. obcordatum and E. rigidum. All three species have unusually large flowers (12–26 mm) with four-lobed stigmas, and as a group are quite distinct from their congeners in the region. Despite these similarities, the three taxa differ substantially in details of floral structure, especially regarding the dimensions of the floral tube. Specifically, E. rigidum has mean petal length 18.2 mm, floral tubes 1–1.6 × 2.5–3.6 mm; E. siskiyouense mean petal length 17.1 mm, floral tubes 2.1–4 × 2.9–5 mm; and E. obcordatum mean petal length 18.6 mm, floral tubes 3.2–5.2 × 2.2–3.6 mm. Thus, in flowers that are similar in overall size and aspect, E. rigidum has a very short, broad floral tube, E. obcordatum has a relatively long, narrow tube, and E. siskiyouense has a tube intermediate in size and shape. In terms of the ratio of tube length to width, the three taxa do not overlap. Although these characters are difficult to include in a key (since they require floral dissection and/or precise measurements), they are diagnostic for these species.

Epilobium siskiyouense has an additional diagnostic floral character that is unique in the genus. Whereas most other species of Epilobium have a simple ring of spreading hairs, sometimes with a low ridge of tissue near the mouth of the floral tube, E. siskiyouense has a relatively broad ring of tissue (0.3–0.6 mm wide), shaped like a washer, from which spreading hairs arise; this feature may provide protection for the nectar.

Epilobium siskiyouense has two distinct patterns of vestiture on the stems. In some specimens, the lower stems are mixed canescent and glandular puberulent and the inflorescence only glandular puberulent. In other specimens, the stems are subglabrous below a sparsely canescent and glandular puberulent inflorescence. There is no obvious correlation of this difference with any other morphological, ecological, or geographical factors.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Even though Epilobium davuricum has not yet been characterized by chromosome group, its morphology and general distribution suggest that it (plus E. arcticum) is related to E. palustre as a member of the Palustriformes group. It does not have the turion-tipped stolons that characterize E. palustre and relatives but has similarly large seeds with a distinct chalazal collar. Some specimens with aberrant combinations of characters suggest that E. davuricum may hybridize with E. palustre and possibly E. arcticum in areas where their distributions overlap.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Source FNA vol. 10. FNA vol. 10.
Parent taxa Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Epilobieae > Epilobium > sect. Epilobium Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Epilobieae > Epilobium > sect. Epilobium
Sibling taxa
E. anagallidifolium, E. arcticum, E. brachycarpum, E. campestre, E. canum, E. ciliatum, E. clavatum, E. cleistogamum, E. coloratum, E. davuricum, E. densiflorum, E. densum, E. foliosum, E. glaberrimum, E. hallianum, E. hirsutum, E. hornemannii, E. howellii, E. lactiflorum, E. leptocarpum, E. leptophyllum, E. luteum, E. minutum, E. mirabile, E. montanum, E. nevadense, E. nivium, E. obcordatum, E. obscurum, E. oreganum, E. oregonense, E. pallidum, E. palustre, E. parviflorum, E. rigidum, E. saximontanum, E. septentrionale, E. smithii, E. suffruticosum, E. torreyi
E. anagallidifolium, E. arcticum, E. brachycarpum, E. campestre, E. canum, E. ciliatum, E. clavatum, E. cleistogamum, E. coloratum, E. densiflorum, E. densum, E. foliosum, E. glaberrimum, E. hallianum, E. hirsutum, E. hornemannii, E. howellii, E. lactiflorum, E. leptocarpum, E. leptophyllum, E. luteum, E. minutum, E. mirabile, E. montanum, E. nevadense, E. nivium, E. obcordatum, E. obscurum, E. oreganum, E. oregonense, E. pallidum, E. palustre, E. parviflorum, E. rigidum, E. saximontanum, E. septentrionale, E. siskiyouense, E. smithii, E. suffruticosum, E. torreyi
Synonyms E. obcordatum subsp. siskiyouense, E. obcordatum var. laxum E. palustre var. davuricum
Name authority (Munz) Hoch & P. H. Raven: Madroño 27: 146. (1980) Fischer ex Sprengel: Novi Provent., 44. (1818)
Web links