The green links below add additional plants to the comparison table. Blue links lead to other Web sites.
enable glossary links
Epilobium siskiyouense

Siskiyou fireweed, Siskiyou rock-fringe, Siskiyou willow-herb

autumn willowherb, tall annual willowherb, tall willowherb, willow herb, épilobe d'automne

Habit Herbs ± suffruticose, shoots from woody caudex with barklike periderm extending to 40 cm below ground, shoots with scaly bases. Herbs slender.
Stems

several to many, erect to ascending, loosely clumped, terete, 10–25 cm, rarely branched distal to base, usually short-villous and strigillose throughout, mixed sparsely glandular puberulent distally, rarely subglabrous proximal to inflorescence.

erect, terete, 15–200 cm, simple to paniculate-branched (especially in larger plants), glabrous proximally, strigillose distally, sometimes mixed glandular puberulent.

Leaves

opposite proximal to inflorescence, alternate and usually crowded distally, sessile;

blade gray-green, narrowly to broadly ovate, 1.3–2.6 × 0.8–2 cm, base rounded to subcordate, margins usually serrulate, 6–12 teeth per side, rarely subentire, veins inconspicuous, 3–5 per side, apex rounded proximally to acute distally, surfaces sparsely short-villous to subglabrous and glaucous;

bracts much reduced.

subsessile or petiole 1–4 mm, blade linear to linear-lanceolate or narrowly elliptical, often folded along midrib, 1–5.5(–7) × 0.1–0.8 cm, usually shorter than internodes, base tapered or cuneate, margins remotely denticulate, 2–10 teeth per side, lateral veins obscure, 2–5 per side, apex acute or acuminate, surfaces subglabrous and sometimes glaucous to strigillose;

bracts very reduced, sometimes attached to pedicel.

Inflorescences

erect, compact racemes, densely canescent and glandular puberulent, or subglabrous, only ovaries pubescent.

erect, open panicles with filiform branches or simple racemes, glabrous or strigillose, often mixed glandular puberulent.

Flowers

erect;

buds often purplish green, 9–11 × 3.5–5 mm, blunt;

pedicel 6–12 mm;

floral tube 2.1–4 × 2.9–5 mm, prominent ring of tissue 0.3–0.6 mm wide, edged by spreading hairs, 0.9–1.8 mm from base of tube inside;

sepals purplish green, 5–10.5 × 2–3.5 mm, apex acute;

petals pink to rose-purple, obcordate, 10–22.5 × 9.5–15.5 mm, apical notch 2–6.5 mm;

filaments cream, those of longer stamens 6.5–14 mm, those of shorter ones 3.5–11 mm;

anthers cream 1.9–3.3 × 0.7–1.2 mm;

ovary 12–22 mm, ± densely canescent and glandular puberulent;

style white to light pink, 10.5–18 mm, sparsely villous just proximal to stigma, stigma broadly 4-lobed, 1–1.8 × 2.4–4.2 mm, exserted beyond anthers.

usually erect;

buds 1–12 × 1–3.5 mm;

floral tube obconic to funnel-form, 1–16 × 0.8–2.9 mm, with ring of spreading hairs near mouth inside, in larger flowers, ring swollen;

sepals green to reddish green, 1–8.5 × 0.8–2.1 mm, apex acute, abaxial surface strigillose and glandular puberulent to subglabrous;

petals white to pink or deep rose-purple, 1.5–15(–20) × 1–7.5 mm, apical notch 0.5–6.5 mm;

filaments usually cream-white, rarely pink, those of longer stamens 1–9.5 mm, those of shorter ones 0.5–6.3 mm;

anthers cream, 0.5–4 × 0.3–2 mm;

ovary 2–16 mm, strigillose, often mixed glandular puberulent, to subglabrous;

style cream, 2–18 mm, stigma clavate to subcapitate, entire to deeply 4-lobed, 0.5–1.9 × 0.3–2.5 mm, surrounded by stamens or (in some larger flowers) exserted beyond anthers.

Capsules

25–45 mm, surfaces canescent and glandular puberulent;

pedicel 6–25 mm.

erect or ascending, 15–32 mm, surfaces strigillose and glandular puberulent or glabrous;

pedicel 1–17 mm.

Seeds

narrowly obovoid, 1.4–1.9 × 0.6–0.7 mm, with low, obscure chalazal collar, light brown, surface papillose;

coma easily detached, somewhat tawny, 4–8 mm.

obovoid to broadly obovoid, with constriction 0.3–0.7 mm from micropylar end, 1.5–2.7 × 0.8–1.3 mm, chalazal collar inconspicuous, brown or gray, often flecked with darker spots, surface low papillose;

coma easily detached, white to dingy white, 5–10 mm.

2n

= 36.

= 24.

Epilobium siskiyouense

Epilobium brachycarpum

Phenology Flowering Jul–Aug. Flowering Jun–Sep.
Habitat Stream banks, moist, rocky slopes, montane ridges, sometimes on serpentine areas. Open, dry or seasonally moist, often disturbed ground in open woods, meadows, prairies, roadsides and stream banks.
Elevation 1600–2500 m. [5200–8200 ft.] 0–3000 m. [0–9800 ft.]
Distribution
map from FNA
CA; OR
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
map from FNA
AZ; CA; CO; ID; KY; MT; ND; NM; NV; OR; SD; UT; WA; WI; WY; AB; BC; MB; ON; QC; SK [Introduced in South America (Argentina), Europe (Germany, Spain)]
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Epilobium siskiyouense is endemic to the Klamath region in southwestern Oregon (Jackson County) and north-central California in the Salmon, Scott Bar, and Siskiyou mountains of Siskiyou and Trinity counties. As noted by Hoch and Raven, this geographical range and several morphological features appear to be intermediate between those of E. obcordatum and E. rigidum. All three species have unusually large flowers (12–26 mm) with four-lobed stigmas, and as a group are quite distinct from their congeners in the region. Despite these similarities, the three taxa differ substantially in details of floral structure, especially regarding the dimensions of the floral tube. Specifically, E. rigidum has mean petal length 18.2 mm, floral tubes 1–1.6 × 2.5–3.6 mm; E. siskiyouense mean petal length 17.1 mm, floral tubes 2.1–4 × 2.9–5 mm; and E. obcordatum mean petal length 18.6 mm, floral tubes 3.2–5.2 × 2.2–3.6 mm. Thus, in flowers that are similar in overall size and aspect, E. rigidum has a very short, broad floral tube, E. obcordatum has a relatively long, narrow tube, and E. siskiyouense has a tube intermediate in size and shape. In terms of the ratio of tube length to width, the three taxa do not overlap. Although these characters are difficult to include in a key (since they require floral dissection and/or precise measurements), they are diagnostic for these species.

Epilobium siskiyouense has an additional diagnostic floral character that is unique in the genus. Whereas most other species of Epilobium have a simple ring of spreading hairs, sometimes with a low ridge of tissue near the mouth of the floral tube, E. siskiyouense has a relatively broad ring of tissue (0.3–0.6 mm wide), shaped like a washer, from which spreading hairs arise; this feature may provide protection for the nectar.

Epilobium siskiyouense has two distinct patterns of vestiture on the stems. In some specimens, the lower stems are mixed canescent and glandular puberulent and the inflorescence only glandular puberulent. In other specimens, the stems are subglabrous below a sparsely canescent and glandular puberulent inflorescence. There is no obvious correlation of this difference with any other morphological, ecological, or geographical factors.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

The presence of Epilobium brachycarpum in Kentucky and Wisconsin is in railroad yards, so possibly ephemeral. This species occurs as an adventive in Argentina, possibly by natural long-distance dispersal (J. C. Solomon 1982), and in Spain (J. Izco 1983) and Germany (T. Gregor et al. 2013), probably from human introduction, since it frequently occurs as a weed on margins of cultivated fields (L. H. Shinners 1941).

Most populations of this self-compatible species have small autogamous flowers, but some populations with larger outcrossing flowers that exhibit marked protandry and herkogamy are pollinated by bees, butterflies, and occasionally hummingbirds.

Mature plants of Epilobium brachycarpum sometimes have only alternate or fasciculate leaves. However, seedlings always have opposite leaves in first pairs, but these are often deciduous.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Parent taxa Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Epilobieae > Epilobium > sect. Epilobium Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Epilobieae > Epilobium > sect. Xerolobium
Sibling taxa
E. anagallidifolium, E. arcticum, E. brachycarpum, E. campestre, E. canum, E. ciliatum, E. clavatum, E. cleistogamum, E. coloratum, E. davuricum, E. densiflorum, E. densum, E. glaberrimum, E. hallianum, E. hirsutum, E. hornemannii, E. howellii, E. lactiflorum, E. leptocarpum, E. leptophyllum, E. luteum, E. minutum, E. mirabile, E. montanum, E. nevadense, E. nivium, E. obcordatum, E. obscurum, E. oreganum, E. oregonense, E. pallidum, E. palustre, E. parviflorum, E. ravenii, E. rigidum, E. saximontanum, E. septentrionale, E. smithii, E. suffruticosum, E. torreyi
E. anagallidifolium, E. arcticum, E. campestre, E. canum, E. ciliatum, E. clavatum, E. cleistogamum, E. coloratum, E. davuricum, E. densiflorum, E. densum, E. glaberrimum, E. hallianum, E. hirsutum, E. hornemannii, E. howellii, E. lactiflorum, E. leptocarpum, E. leptophyllum, E. luteum, E. minutum, E. mirabile, E. montanum, E. nevadense, E. nivium, E. obcordatum, E. obscurum, E. oreganum, E. oregonense, E. pallidum, E. palustre, E. parviflorum, E. ravenii, E. rigidum, E. saximontanum, E. septentrionale, E. siskiyouense, E. smithii, E. suffruticosum, E. torreyi
Synonyms E. obcordatum subsp. siskiyouense, E. obcordatum var. laxum E. adenocladum, E. altissimum, E. apricum, E. fasciculatum, E. hammondii, E. jucundum, E. jucundum var. viridifolium, E. laevicaule, E. paniculatum, E. paniculatum var. hammondii, E. paniculatum var. jucundum, E. paniculatum var. laevicaule, E. paniculatum var. subulatum, E. paniculatum var. tracyi, E. subulatum, E. tracyi
Name authority (Munz) Hoch & P. H. Raven: Madroño 27: 146. (1980) C. Presl: Reliq. Haenk. 2: 30. (1831)
Source FNA vol. 10. Treatment author: Peter C. Hoch. FNA vol. 10. Treatment author: Peter C. Hoch.
Web links