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glandular willowherb, Rocky Mountain willowherb, Rocky Mountain willowweed, épilobe des rocheuses

hoary willowherb, small-flower hairy willow-herb, small-flower willow-herb, smaller hairy willowherb

Habit Herbs usually with sessile, fleshy, underground turions, or sometimes thick, elongated shoots with dark, decussate scales. Herbs often robust and rank, with short-stalked leafy basal rosettes.
Stems

erect, strict, terete, 4–55 cm, simple or well branched in age, subglabrous proximally to mixed strigillose and glandular puberulent distally, with raised strigillose lines decurrent from margins of petioles.

erect, terete, 18–100(–160) cm, well branched distally, densely gray-villous proximally, mixed villous and glandular puberulent distally, often with raised strigillose lines decurrent from margins of petioles.

Leaves

opposite proximal to inflorescence, alternate and reduced distally, often ± appressed, usually subsessile, rarely petiole 1–3 mm, often clasping;

blade obovate proximally to ovate, lanceolate, or narrowly elliptic distally, 1–5.5(–6.5) × 0.4–2(–2.4) cm, base rounded or obtuse, margins low denticulate, 9–30 teeth per side, veins ± conspicuous, 3–6 per side, apex subacute, surfaces subglabrous with strigillose margins;

bracts much reduced.

opposite proximal to inflorescence, alternate distally, petioles 1–3 mm proximally, sessile distally;

blade narrowly lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 3–12 × 0.5–2.5 cm, often exceeding internodes, base rounded to broadly cuneate, margins serrulate, with 15–60 teeth per side, veins 4–8 per side, apex subacute, surfaces ± densely villous, hairs sometimes appressed;

bracts usually much reduced.

Inflorescences

erect, sometimes nodding in bud, racemes, sometimes sparsely branched.

erect racemes or often leafy panicles.

Flowers

erect;

buds 2–3.5 × 1.8–2.5 mm;

pedicel 0–1 mm;

floral tube 0.8–1.4 × 0.8–1.9 mm, ring of sparse spreading hairs at mouth inside;

sepals sometimes flushed red, 1.2–3.5 × 0.6–1.4 mm, abaxial surface strigillose and sometimes mixed glandular puberulent;

petals usually white, infrequently pink, 2.2–5(–7) × 1.7–3.2 mm, apical notch 0.4–1.5 mm;

filaments usually cream, rarely light pink, those of longer stamens 2–3.5 mm, those of shorter ones 1–2 mm;

anthers cream to light yellow, 0.3–0.8 × 0.3–0.5 mm;

ovary 9–30 mm, densely strigillose and glandular puberulent;

style cream or yellow, 1.6–2.8 mm, stigma usually narrowly to broadly clavate, rarely subcapitate, 1–3 × 0.8–2 mm, surrounded by at least longer anthers.

erect;

buds 3.5–5.5 × 1.8–3 mm;

pedicel 3–10 mm;

floral tube 1–1.9 × 1.3–2.5 mm, a ring of spreading hairs at mouth within, densely villous and glandular puberulent abaxially;

sepals narrowly lanceolate, often keeled, 2.5–6 × 1–1.5 mm;

petals usually pink to rose-purple, rarely white, broadly obovate, 4–8.5 × 3–4.5 mm, apical notch 1–4 mm;

filaments cream to light purple, those of longer stamens 2–6 mm, those of shorter ones 1–3.5 mm;

anthers oblong, 0.8–1.3 × 0.4–0.6 mm;

ovary 10–30 mm, mixed villous and glandular puberulent;

style white to pink, 2.2–6 mm, glabrous, stigma deeply 4-lobed, 1–1.5 × 2.2–4 mm, lobes 1–1.8 mm, initially erect, later recurved, surrounded by or barely exserted beyond anthers.

Capsules

30–55(–70) mm, surfaces mixed strigillose and glandular puberulent; usually subsessile, rarely pedicel 1–5 mm, often appressed to stem.

30–70 mm, surfaces usually glandular puberulent, often mixed villous, rarely glabrescent;

pedicel 5–18 mm.

Seeds

very narrowly obovoid, 1–1.6(–1.8) × 0.4–0.6 mm, chalazal collar 0.1–0.2 mm, light brown or gray, surface rugose to papillose;

coma usually readily detached, white, 3–9 mm.

obovoid, 0.8–1.1 × 0.4–0.5 mm, chalazal collar inconspicuous, brown, surface coarsely papillose;

coma easily detached, dingy white, 5–9 mm.

2n

= 36.

= 36.

Epilobium saximontanum

Epilobium parviflorum

Phenology Flowering Jul–Sep. Flowering Jun–Sep.
Habitat Montane semi-shaded stream banks, damp meadows, mossy seeps, wet slatey cliffs, disturbed or seasonally damp areas. Disturbed, wet areas near streams, bogs, rivers, and lakes, often calcareous.
Elevation 0–3700 m. (0–12100 ft.) 0–150[–1800] m. (0–500[–5900] ft.)
Distribution
from FNA
AZ; CA; CO; ID; MT; NM; NV; OR; SD; UT; WY; AB; BC; MB; NF; ON; QC
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
MI; NJ; NY; OH; PA; VT; WA; BC; ON; Eurasia; n Africa; intro­duced also in Pacific Islands (New Zealand) [Introduced in North America]
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Epilobium saximontanum is morphologically similar to E. ciliatum (especially subsp. glandulosum) with which it also shares the AA chromosome arrangement. However, in addition to its fleshy compact turions, it very characteristically has notably appressed capsules, unlike most other species in the genus, and a notably strict habit.

The distribution of Epilobium saximontanum is unusual; it includes the Rocky Mountain region, only barely reaching the high southern Sierra Nevada, disjunct to the Black Hills of South Dakota, and more widely in eastern Canada, from the shores of Hudson Bay to Newfoundland. Specimens are fairly uniform across this wide and rather discontinuous range, although locally they show some variability, possibly due to hybridization with any of several species that may be sympatric with it. H. Lewis and D. M. Moore (1962) reported hybrids between E. saximontanum (cited as E. brevistylum) and E. ciliatum subsp. ciliatum (cited as E. adenocaulon) from Colorado, and herbarium specimens with E. saximontanum and apparent hybrids are not uncommon.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Epilobium parviflorum is widespread in Eurasia, from Europe through the Caucasus and southern Asia to eastern China (Chen C. J. et al. 1992), and in northwestern Africa and the Canary Islands (P. H. Raven 1967). Prior to the report of naturalized populations of E. parviflorum in Ontario by N. J. Purcell (1976), the species was considered an ephemeral adventive in New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania, where collections were made on ballast heaps in 1877–1880 (W. Trelease 1891; H. A. Gleason 1952, vol. 2) but not subsequently. However, recent collections indicate well-established populations scattered widely across the Great Lakes region (Purcell; E. G. Voss 1972–1996, vol. 2; T. S. Cooperrider and B. K. Andreas 1991) and more recently in the Pacific Northwest. Epilobium parviflorum is clearly naturalized and can be expected to spread farther, given its weedy nature (Raven and T. E. Raven 1976).

Epilobium parviflorum most closely resembles E. hirsutum, sharing the otherwise unique combination of densely villous pubescence and 4-lobed stigmas, but differs by having smaller flowers, leaves not clasping and/or decurrent on stems, and perennating by rosettes rather than by thick ropy stolons. The two species co-occur throughout most of their range in Eurasia, and although their adventive ranges in North America are quite similar, E. hirsutum has spread much more widely and rapidly.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Source FNA vol. 10. FNA vol. 10.
Parent taxa Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Epilobieae > Epilobium > sect. Epilobium Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Epilobieae > Epilobium > sect. Epilobium
Sibling taxa
E. anagallidifolium, E. arcticum, E. brachycarpum, E. campestre, E. canum, E. ciliatum, E. clavatum, E. cleistogamum, E. coloratum, E. davuricum, E. densiflorum, E. densum, E. foliosum, E. glaberrimum, E. hallianum, E. hirsutum, E. hornemannii, E. howellii, E. lactiflorum, E. leptocarpum, E. leptophyllum, E. luteum, E. minutum, E. mirabile, E. montanum, E. nevadense, E. nivium, E. obcordatum, E. obscurum, E. oreganum, E. oregonense, E. pallidum, E. palustre, E. parviflorum, E. rigidum, E. septentrionale, E. siskiyouense, E. smithii, E. suffruticosum, E. torreyi
E. anagallidifolium, E. arcticum, E. brachycarpum, E. campestre, E. canum, E. ciliatum, E. clavatum, E. cleistogamum, E. coloratum, E. davuricum, E. densiflorum, E. densum, E. foliosum, E. glaberrimum, E. hallianum, E. hirsutum, E. hornemannii, E. howellii, E. lactiflorum, E. leptocarpum, E. leptophyllum, E. luteum, E. minutum, E. mirabile, E. montanum, E. nevadense, E. nivium, E. obcordatum, E. obscurum, E. oreganum, E. oregonense, E. pallidum, E. palustre, E. rigidum, E. saximontanum, E. septentrionale, E. siskiyouense, E. smithii, E. suffruticosum, E. torreyi
Synonyms E. adenocaulon subsp. rubescens, E. drummondii, E. drummondii var. latiusculum, E. latiusculum, E. ovatifolium, E. rubescens, E. scalare, E. stramineum
Name authority Haussknecht: Oesterr. Bot. Z. 29: 119. (1879) Schreber: Spic. Fl. Lips., 146, [155]. (1771)
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