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glandular willowherb, Rocky Mountain willowherb, Rocky Mountain willowweed, épilobe des rocheuses

Grant's Pass willowherb, Oregon fireweed, Oregon willowherb

Habit Herbs usually with sessile, fleshy, underground turions, or sometimes thick, elongated shoots with dark, decussate scales. Herbs with leafy basal rosettes or short shoots.
Stems

erect, strict, terete, 4–55 cm, simple or well branched in age, subglabrous proximally to mixed strigillose and glandular puberulent distally, with raised strigillose lines decurrent from margins of petioles.

several to many, ascending or erect, terete, loosely clumped, 40–100 cm, usually well-branched apically, ± glabrous and glaucous proximal to inflorescence, without distinct raised lines, sparsely mixed strigillose and glandular pubescent proximally.

Leaves

opposite proximal to inflorescence, alternate and reduced distally, often ± appressed, usually subsessile, rarely petiole 1–3 mm, often clasping;

blade obovate proximally to ovate, lanceolate, or narrowly elliptic distally, 1–5.5(–6.5) × 0.4–2(–2.4) cm, base rounded or obtuse, margins low denticulate, 9–30 teeth per side, veins ± conspicuous, 3–6 per side, apex subacute, surfaces subglabrous with strigillose margins;

bracts much reduced.

opposite proximal to inflorescence, alternate distally, petiole broad, 1–3 mm;

blade narrowly lanceolate to narrowly ovate, 3–9 × 0.7–2.5 cm, base rounded to cuneate, margins finely serrulate, 20–40 teeth per side, veins reddish green, conspicuous, 6–10 per side, apex acute, surfaces glabrous and often glaucous, crowded proximally;

bracts much reduced and narrower.

Inflorescences

erect, sometimes nodding in bud, racemes, sometimes sparsely branched.

erect racemes or open panicles, often branched, glandular puberulent, sometimes mixed strigillose.

Flowers

erect;

buds 2–3.5 × 1.8–2.5 mm;

pedicel 0–1 mm;

floral tube 0.8–1.4 × 0.8–1.9 mm, ring of sparse spreading hairs at mouth inside;

sepals sometimes flushed red, 1.2–3.5 × 0.6–1.4 mm, abaxial surface strigillose and sometimes mixed glandular puberulent;

petals usually white, infrequently pink, 2.2–5(–7) × 1.7–3.2 mm, apical notch 0.4–1.5 mm;

filaments usually cream, rarely light pink, those of longer stamens 2–3.5 mm, those of shorter ones 1–2 mm;

anthers cream to light yellow, 0.3–0.8 × 0.3–0.5 mm;

ovary 9–30 mm, densely strigillose and glandular puberulent;

style cream or yellow, 1.6–2.8 mm, stigma usually narrowly to broadly clavate, rarely subcapitate, 1–3 × 0.8–2 mm, surrounded by at least longer anthers.

erect;

buds 5–8 × 2–3.5 mm, often with stigma exserted;

pedicel 2–4 mm;

floral tube 2–3 × 1.8–3 mm, with ring of spreading hairs near base of tube inside;

sepals often flushed red, 6–10 × 2.1–2.8 mm, abaxial surface mixed strigillose and glandular puberulent;

petals dark pink to rose-purple, (6–)10–15 × 4.5–6 mm, apical notch 2.6–3 mm;

filaments cream or light pink, those of longer stamens 6–8 mm, those of shorter ones 3.5–4.5 mm;

anthers cream or yellow, 1–1.2 × 0.5–0.6 mm;

ovary 20–25 mm, densely glandular puberulent and mixed strigillose;

style cream or yellow, 9–13 mm, stigma broadly and sometimes irregularly 4-lobed, 1–1.5 × 2.1–2.9 mm, exserted beyond anthers.

Capsules

30–55(–70) mm, surfaces mixed strigillose and glandular puberulent; usually subsessile, rarely pedicel 1–5 mm, often appressed to stem.

25–45 mm, surfaces mixed sparsely glandular puberulent and strigillose, often with reduced fertile seed set;

pedicel 3–6 mm.

Seeds

very narrowly obovoid, 1–1.6(–1.8) × 0.4–0.6 mm, chalazal collar 0.1–0.2 mm, light brown or gray, surface rugose to papillose;

coma usually readily detached, white, 3–9 mm.

narrowly obovoid, 0.9–1.3 × 0.4–0.5 mm, chalazal collar 0.1–0.15 × 0.2–0.25 mm, gray-brown, surface with conspicuous parallel longitudinal ridges of laterally flattened papillae;

coma readily detached, white, 4–6 mm.

2n

= 36.

= 36.

Epilobium saximontanum

Epilobium oreganum

Phenology Flowering Jul–Sep. Flowering Jul–Aug(–Sep).
Habitat Montane semi-shaded stream banks, damp meadows, mossy seeps, wet slatey cliffs, disturbed or seasonally damp areas. Damp seeps, swampy areas, stream banks.
Elevation 0–3700 m. (0–12100 ft.) 200–500 m. (700–1600 ft.)
Distribution
from FNA
AZ; CA; CO; ID; MT; NM; NV; OR; SD; UT; WY; AB; BC; MB; NF; ON; QC
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
CA; OR
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Epilobium saximontanum is morphologically similar to E. ciliatum (especially subsp. glandulosum) with which it also shares the AA chromosome arrangement. However, in addition to its fleshy compact turions, it very characteristically has notably appressed capsules, unlike most other species in the genus, and a notably strict habit.

The distribution of Epilobium saximontanum is unusual; it includes the Rocky Mountain region, only barely reaching the high southern Sierra Nevada, disjunct to the Black Hills of South Dakota, and more widely in eastern Canada, from the shores of Hudson Bay to Newfoundland. Specimens are fairly uniform across this wide and rather discontinuous range, although locally they show some variability, possibly due to hybridization with any of several species that may be sympatric with it. H. Lewis and D. M. Moore (1962) reported hybrids between E. saximontanum (cited as E. brevistylum) and E. ciliatum subsp. ciliatum (cited as E. adenocaulon) from Colorado, and herbarium specimens with E. saximontanum and apparent hybrids are not uncommon.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Epilobium oreganum is endemic to a small region of southern Oregon (Douglas and Josephine counties, mainly from Grants Pass south along the Illinois River) and northern California (Del Norte, Humboldt, Siskiyou, Tehama, and Trinity counties, especially along the South Fork of the Trinity and Klamath rivers).

Epilobium oreganum is the only other species that shares the distinctive ridged seeds found also in E. ciliatum, and looks quite similar to that species; both also have the AA chromosomal arrangement. However, it differs from E. ciliatum in being generally glabrous and glaucous, and by having exserted 4-lobed stigmas. W. Trelease (1891) and later P. A. Munz (1965) considered E. oreganum to be of hybrid origin, the presumptive parents being E. glaberrimum (glabrous) and so called E. adenocaulon (= E. ciliatum; ridged seeds). Some specimens have notably reduced seed set; whether that is the result of a hybrid origin, a failure to outcross in a plant with a very exserted stigma, or to another cause is not clear. The exact affinities of E. oreganum are uncertain, but it occupies a restricted and distinctive ecogeographical range and has a unique combination of morphological features.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Source FNA vol. 10. FNA vol. 10.
Parent taxa Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Epilobieae > Epilobium > sect. Epilobium Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Epilobieae > Epilobium > sect. Epilobium
Sibling taxa
E. anagallidifolium, E. arcticum, E. brachycarpum, E. campestre, E. canum, E. ciliatum, E. clavatum, E. cleistogamum, E. coloratum, E. davuricum, E. densiflorum, E. densum, E. foliosum, E. glaberrimum, E. hallianum, E. hirsutum, E. hornemannii, E. howellii, E. lactiflorum, E. leptocarpum, E. leptophyllum, E. luteum, E. minutum, E. mirabile, E. montanum, E. nevadense, E. nivium, E. obcordatum, E. obscurum, E. oreganum, E. oregonense, E. pallidum, E. palustre, E. parviflorum, E. rigidum, E. septentrionale, E. siskiyouense, E. smithii, E. suffruticosum, E. torreyi
E. anagallidifolium, E. arcticum, E. brachycarpum, E. campestre, E. canum, E. ciliatum, E. clavatum, E. cleistogamum, E. coloratum, E. davuricum, E. densiflorum, E. densum, E. foliosum, E. glaberrimum, E. hallianum, E. hirsutum, E. hornemannii, E. howellii, E. lactiflorum, E. leptocarpum, E. leptophyllum, E. luteum, E. minutum, E. mirabile, E. montanum, E. nevadense, E. nivium, E. obcordatum, E. obscurum, E. oregonense, E. pallidum, E. palustre, E. parviflorum, E. rigidum, E. saximontanum, E. septentrionale, E. siskiyouense, E. smithii, E. suffruticosum, E. torreyi
Synonyms E. adenocaulon subsp. rubescens, E. drummondii, E. drummondii var. latiusculum, E. latiusculum, E. ovatifolium, E. rubescens, E. scalare, E. stramineum E. glaucum, E. brevistylum var. exaltatum, E. californicum var. exaltatum, E. exaltatum, Lehmann var. var. e., E. subcaesium
Name authority Haussknecht: Oesterr. Bot. Z. 29: 119. (1879) Greene: Pittonia 1: 225. (1887)
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