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glandular willowherb, Rocky Mountain willowherb, Rocky Mountain willowweed, épilobe des rocheuses

heart willowweed, rock fringe, rockfringe willowherb, rose willowherb

Habit Herbs usually with sessile, fleshy, underground turions, or sometimes thick, elongated shoots with dark, decussate scales. Herbs ± suffruticose, wiry shoots from woody caudex with barklike periderm extending to 25 cm below ground, shoots with scaly bases.
Stems

erect, strict, terete, 4–55 cm, simple or well branched in age, subglabrous proximally to mixed strigillose and glandular puberulent distally, with raised strigillose lines decurrent from margins of petioles.

many, decumbent to ascending, clumped or cespitose, green to grayish green, terete, 5–15 cm, branched mainly proximally, subglabrous and ± glaucous proximal to inflorescence, ± canescent distally or throughout.

Leaves

opposite proximal to inflorescence, alternate and reduced distally, often ± appressed, usually subsessile, rarely petiole 1–3 mm, often clasping;

blade obovate proximally to ovate, lanceolate, or narrowly elliptic distally, 1–5.5(–6.5) × 0.4–2(–2.4) cm, base rounded or obtuse, margins low denticulate, 9–30 teeth per side, veins ± conspicuous, 3–6 per side, apex subacute, surfaces subglabrous with strigillose margins;

bracts much reduced.

opposite proximal to inflorescence, alternate distally, usually crowded and exceeding internodes, subsessile or petiole 1–2 mm;

blade green or grayish green, usually broadly lanceolate-elliptic to ovate or obovate, rarely suborbiculate, 0.6–2.4 × 0.4–1.3(–1.9) cm, base rounded to subcordate, margins low denticulate, 4–9 teeth per side, veins indistinct, 4–7 per side, apex obtuse proximally to acute distally, surfaces usually subglabrous, rarely canescent, especially on margins and veins;

bracts much reduced.

Inflorescences

erect, sometimes nodding in bud, racemes, sometimes sparsely branched.

ascending to erect, sparse racemes or loose panicles, ± densely canescent and glandular puberulent.

Flowers

erect;

buds 2–3.5 × 1.8–2.5 mm;

pedicel 0–1 mm;

floral tube 0.8–1.4 × 0.8–1.9 mm, ring of sparse spreading hairs at mouth inside;

sepals sometimes flushed red, 1.2–3.5 × 0.6–1.4 mm, abaxial surface strigillose and sometimes mixed glandular puberulent;

petals usually white, infrequently pink, 2.2–5(–7) × 1.7–3.2 mm, apical notch 0.4–1.5 mm;

filaments usually cream, rarely light pink, those of longer stamens 2–3.5 mm, those of shorter ones 1–2 mm;

anthers cream to light yellow, 0.3–0.8 × 0.3–0.5 mm;

ovary 9–30 mm, densely strigillose and glandular puberulent;

style cream or yellow, 1.6–2.8 mm, stigma usually narrowly to broadly clavate, rarely subcapitate, 1–3 × 0.8–2 mm, surrounded by at least longer anthers.

erect;

buds 7–13 × 3–5 mm, apex acute, sometimes with stigma exserted;

pedicel 3–10 mm;

floral tube 3.2–5.5 × 2.2–4.2 mm, slightly raised ring of spreading hairs0.4–1 mm from base inside;

sepals (5–)8.5–14 ×1.8–2.9 mm;

petals pink to rose-purple, obcordate, (12–)15–26 × (7–)9–14.6 mm, apical notch 2.5–7.2 mm;

filaments cream to pink, those of longer stamens 8.5–16 mm, those of shorter ones 5.5–11 mm;

anthers cream-yellow, 1.6–2.9 × 0.6–1.3 mm;

ovary 9–22 mm, usually canescent and glandular puberulent, rarely subglabrous;

style cream to light pink, 11–23 mm, glabrous, stigma deeply 4-lobed, 1–1.5 × 2.2–4.5 mm, exserted beyond anthers.

Capsules

30–55(–70) mm, surfaces mixed strigillose and glandular puberulent; usually subsessile, rarely pedicel 1–5 mm, often appressed to stem.

straight, subclavate, 16–40 mm, surfaces canescent and glandular puberulent;

pedicel 5–15 mm.

Seeds

very narrowly obovoid, 1–1.6(–1.8) × 0.4–0.6 mm, chalazal collar 0.1–0.2 mm, light brown or gray, surface rugose to papillose;

coma usually readily detached, white, 3–9 mm.

narrowly obovoid, 1.4–2.1 × 0.6–0.9 mm, with low chalazal collar 0.4–0.5 mm wide, light or grayish brown, surface papillose;

coma easily detached, tawny, 5–9 mm.

2n

= 36.

= 36.

Epilobium saximontanum

Epilobium obcordatum

Phenology Flowering Jul–Sep. Flowering Jul–Sep.
Habitat Montane semi-shaded stream banks, damp meadows, mossy seeps, wet slatey cliffs, disturbed or seasonally damp areas. Dry, rocky montane or alpine ridges, basaltic cliffs, along edges of talus or gravel slopes.
Elevation 0–3700 m. (0–12100 ft.) 1900–4000 m. (6200–13100 ft.)
Distribution
from FNA
AZ; CA; CO; ID; MT; NM; NV; OR; SD; UT; WY; AB; BC; MB; NF; ON; QC
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
CA; ID; NV; OR
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Epilobium saximontanum is morphologically similar to E. ciliatum (especially subsp. glandulosum) with which it also shares the AA chromosome arrangement. However, in addition to its fleshy compact turions, it very characteristically has notably appressed capsules, unlike most other species in the genus, and a notably strict habit.

The distribution of Epilobium saximontanum is unusual; it includes the Rocky Mountain region, only barely reaching the high southern Sierra Nevada, disjunct to the Black Hills of South Dakota, and more widely in eastern Canada, from the shores of Hudson Bay to Newfoundland. Specimens are fairly uniform across this wide and rather discontinuous range, although locally they show some variability, possibly due to hybridization with any of several species that may be sympatric with it. H. Lewis and D. M. Moore (1962) reported hybrids between E. saximontanum (cited as E. brevistylum) and E. ciliatum subsp. ciliatum (cited as E. adenocaulon) from Colorado, and herbarium specimens with E. saximontanum and apparent hybrids are not uncommon.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Epilobium obcordatum is an uncommon but relatively widespread and very characteristic species of the high Sierra Nevada, extending to scattered high ranges in northeastern Nevada, Idaho, and southeastern Oregon (Steens Mountains). Its low, clumped habit, dense green and often glaucous foliage, and large flowers make it one of the more attractive species of the genus, with considerable potential as a cultivated plant in rock gardens. Although it bears some general morphological similarities with two species in western North America, E. rigidum and E. siskiyouense, as discussed under those taxa, E. obcordatum also bears close resemblance to E. nankotaizanense Yamamoto, an alpine endemic from Taiwan, China (Chen C. J. et al. 1992). It is uncertain whether they are actually related or have evolved similar morphologies independently in similar high montane habitats on either side of the north Pacific.

Little has been reported on the pollination biology of Epilobium obcordatum, but its large flowers with marked protandry and herkogamy strongly suggest that the plants are outcrossing, probably pollinated by large bees.

Epilobium obcordatum shows considerable morphological variation, especially in leaf shape (ranging from narrowly ovate to orbiculate) and pubescence pattern. In the latter, plants mainly in the Sierra Nevada have stems glabrous and often glaucous below the inflorescence and mixed canescent and glandular puberulent distally. Plants mainly in Idaho and Nevada have stems sparsely to moderately canescent and inflorescences densely mixed canescent and glandular puberulent. But some collections, including the type of E. obcordatum var. puberulum, are mixed, and these pubescence differences do not correlate with other morphological or eco-geographical characters.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Source FNA vol. 10. FNA vol. 10.
Parent taxa Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Epilobieae > Epilobium > sect. Epilobium Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Epilobieae > Epilobium > sect. Epilobium
Sibling taxa
E. anagallidifolium, E. arcticum, E. brachycarpum, E. campestre, E. canum, E. ciliatum, E. clavatum, E. cleistogamum, E. coloratum, E. davuricum, E. densiflorum, E. densum, E. foliosum, E. glaberrimum, E. hallianum, E. hirsutum, E. hornemannii, E. howellii, E. lactiflorum, E. leptocarpum, E. leptophyllum, E. luteum, E. minutum, E. mirabile, E. montanum, E. nevadense, E. nivium, E. obcordatum, E. obscurum, E. oreganum, E. oregonense, E. pallidum, E. palustre, E. parviflorum, E. rigidum, E. septentrionale, E. siskiyouense, E. smithii, E. suffruticosum, E. torreyi
E. anagallidifolium, E. arcticum, E. brachycarpum, E. campestre, E. canum, E. ciliatum, E. clavatum, E. cleistogamum, E. coloratum, E. davuricum, E. densiflorum, E. densum, E. foliosum, E. glaberrimum, E. hallianum, E. hirsutum, E. hornemannii, E. howellii, E. lactiflorum, E. leptocarpum, E. leptophyllum, E. luteum, E. minutum, E. mirabile, E. montanum, E. nevadense, E. nivium, E. obscurum, E. oreganum, E. oregonense, E. pallidum, E. palustre, E. parviflorum, E. rigidum, E. saximontanum, E. septentrionale, E. siskiyouense, E. smithii, E. suffruticosum, E. torreyi
Synonyms E. adenocaulon subsp. rubescens, E. drummondii, E. drummondii var. latiusculum, E. latiusculum, E. ovatifolium, E. rubescens, E. scalare, E. stramineum E. obcordatum var. puberulum
Name authority Haussknecht: Oesterr. Bot. Z. 29: 119. (1879) A. Gray: Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 6: 532. (1865)
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