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glandular willowherb, Rocky Mountain willowherb, Rocky Mountain willowweed, épilobe des rocheuses

Snow Mountain willowherb

Habit Herbs usually with sessile, fleshy, underground turions, or sometimes thick, elongated shoots with dark, decussate scales. Herbs with many shoots from thick, woody caudex 5–12 mm diam..
Stems

erect, strict, terete, 4–55 cm, simple or well branched in age, subglabrous proximally to mixed strigillose and glandular puberulent distally, with raised strigillose lines decurrent from margins of petioles.

erect or ascending, terete, 10–25 cm, sparsely branched distally, densely grayish white-strigillose.

Leaves

opposite proximal to inflorescence, alternate and reduced distally, often ± appressed, usually subsessile, rarely petiole 1–3 mm, often clasping;

blade obovate proximally to ovate, lanceolate, or narrowly elliptic distally, 1–5.5(–6.5) × 0.4–2(–2.4) cm, base rounded or obtuse, margins low denticulate, 9–30 teeth per side, veins ± conspicuous, 3–6 per side, apex subacute, surfaces subglabrous with strigillose margins;

bracts much reduced.

subsessile or petioles 0.5–2.5 mm, blade elliptic or narrowly so to lanceolate, often folded along midrib, 0.9–1.8 × 0.3–0.7 cm, usually longer than internodes, base rounded to cuneate, margins subentire or low denticulate, 1–3 low teeth per side, lateral veins inconspicuous, 1–3 per side, apex blunt to acute with conspicuous dark brown mucronate tip, surfaces densely spreading-hairy;

bracts very reduced, attached to pedicel 1–2 mm from base.

Inflorescences

erect, sometimes nodding in bud, racemes, sometimes sparsely branched.

erect open racemes or panicles, densely spreading-hairy.

Flowers

erect;

buds 2–3.5 × 1.8–2.5 mm;

pedicel 0–1 mm;

floral tube 0.8–1.4 × 0.8–1.9 mm, ring of sparse spreading hairs at mouth inside;

sepals sometimes flushed red, 1.2–3.5 × 0.6–1.4 mm, abaxial surface strigillose and sometimes mixed glandular puberulent;

petals usually white, infrequently pink, 2.2–5(–7) × 1.7–3.2 mm, apical notch 0.4–1.5 mm;

filaments usually cream, rarely light pink, those of longer stamens 2–3.5 mm, those of shorter ones 1–2 mm;

anthers cream to light yellow, 0.3–0.8 × 0.3–0.5 mm;

ovary 9–30 mm, densely strigillose and glandular puberulent;

style cream or yellow, 1.6–2.8 mm, stigma usually narrowly to broadly clavate, rarely subcapitate, 1–3 × 0.8–2 mm, surrounded by at least longer anthers.

erect;

buds 6–8 × 2.5–3.2 mm;

floral tube 5.2–9.5 × 2.4–3.2 mm, constriction 4–6 mm distal to base, base ± bulbous, spreading-hairy from mouth nearly to base inside;

sepals 2.7–4.2 × 1.6–2 mm, abaxial surface densely villous and glandular puberulent;

petals rose-purple, 6–9.5 ×3.8–6.2 mm, apical notch 1.5–2.5 mm;

filaments light pink, those of longer stamens 5–6.5 mm, those of shorter ones 3–3.5 mm;

anthers 1.3–2.1 × 0.6–0.9 mm, apiculate;

ovary 2.5–4.5 mm, densely villous and glandular puberulent;

style pinkish cream, 11–17 mm, glabrous, stigma 4-lobed, 0.8–1 × 1.1–2.1 mm, lobes often not spread and then cuplike, usually exserted beyond anthers.

Capsules

30–55(–70) mm, surfaces mixed strigillose and glandular puberulent; usually subsessile, rarely pedicel 1–5 mm, often appressed to stem.

fusiform, 8–16 mm, surfaces glandular puberulent;

pedicel 2–5 mm.

Seeds

very narrowly obovoid, 1–1.6(–1.8) × 0.4–0.6 mm, chalazal collar 0.1–0.2 mm, light brown or gray, surface rugose to papillose;

coma usually readily detached, white, 3–9 mm.

obovoid to broadly so, with slight constriction 0.4–0.6 mm from micropylar end, 1.5–2.4 × 0.8–1.3 mm, inconspicuous chalazal collar, dark brown, surface papillose;

coma easily detached, dingy white, 6.5–7.5 mm.

2n

= 36.

= 30.

Epilobium saximontanum

Epilobium nivium

Phenology Flowering Jul–Sep. Flowering late Jul–Sep.
Habitat Montane semi-shaded stream banks, damp meadows, mossy seeps, wet slatey cliffs, disturbed or seasonally damp areas. Crevices in rocky outcrops, shale or talus slopes, with scrub oak (Quercus), Abies concolor, and Pinus jeffreyi.
Elevation 0–3700 m. (0–12100 ft.) 1600–2400 m. (5200–7900 ft.)
Distribution
from FNA
AZ; CA; CO; ID; MT; NM; NV; OR; SD; UT; WY; AB; BC; MB; NF; ON; QC
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
CA
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Epilobium saximontanum is morphologically similar to E. ciliatum (especially subsp. glandulosum) with which it also shares the AA chromosome arrangement. However, in addition to its fleshy compact turions, it very characteristically has notably appressed capsules, unlike most other species in the genus, and a notably strict habit.

The distribution of Epilobium saximontanum is unusual; it includes the Rocky Mountain region, only barely reaching the high southern Sierra Nevada, disjunct to the Black Hills of South Dakota, and more widely in eastern Canada, from the shores of Hudson Bay to Newfoundland. Specimens are fairly uniform across this wide and rather discontinuous range, although locally they show some variability, possibly due to hybridization with any of several species that may be sympatric with it. H. Lewis and D. M. Moore (1962) reported hybrids between E. saximontanum (cited as E. brevistylum) and E. ciliatum subsp. ciliatum (cited as E. adenocaulon) from Colorado, and herbarium specimens with E. saximontanum and apparent hybrids are not uncommon.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Epilobium nivium has an extremely restricted range, mainly in the Snow Mountain region of Colusa and Lake counties, but recent collections from Mendocino and southern Trinity counties have extended its range several hundred km to the north. Many collections, notably including the type gathering, have strikingly woody bases, suggesting that these are long-lived plants. Like E. nevadense and some other species in the genus that characteristically grow on scree slopes, the lower part of the stems often lack leaves, which may be abraded by movement of the rocky substrate.

As reported by S. R. Seavey and P. H. Raven (1977c) and also noted on some herbarium labels, capsules of Epilobium nivium sometimes show signs of possible seed predation by moth larvae as reported for E. nevadense.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Source FNA vol. 10. FNA vol. 10.
Parent taxa Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Epilobieae > Epilobium > sect. Epilobium Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Epilobieae > Epilobium > sect. Cordylophorum > subsect. Petrolobium
Sibling taxa
E. anagallidifolium, E. arcticum, E. brachycarpum, E. campestre, E. canum, E. ciliatum, E. clavatum, E. cleistogamum, E. coloratum, E. davuricum, E. densiflorum, E. densum, E. foliosum, E. glaberrimum, E. hallianum, E. hirsutum, E. hornemannii, E. howellii, E. lactiflorum, E. leptocarpum, E. leptophyllum, E. luteum, E. minutum, E. mirabile, E. montanum, E. nevadense, E. nivium, E. obcordatum, E. obscurum, E. oreganum, E. oregonense, E. pallidum, E. palustre, E. parviflorum, E. rigidum, E. septentrionale, E. siskiyouense, E. smithii, E. suffruticosum, E. torreyi
E. anagallidifolium, E. arcticum, E. brachycarpum, E. campestre, E. canum, E. ciliatum, E. clavatum, E. cleistogamum, E. coloratum, E. davuricum, E. densiflorum, E. densum, E. foliosum, E. glaberrimum, E. hallianum, E. hirsutum, E. hornemannii, E. howellii, E. lactiflorum, E. leptocarpum, E. leptophyllum, E. luteum, E. minutum, E. mirabile, E. montanum, E. nevadense, E. obcordatum, E. obscurum, E. oreganum, E. oregonense, E. pallidum, E. palustre, E. parviflorum, E. rigidum, E. saximontanum, E. septentrionale, E. siskiyouense, E. smithii, E. suffruticosum, E. torreyi
Synonyms E. adenocaulon subsp. rubescens, E. drummondii, E. drummondii var. latiusculum, E. latiusculum, E. ovatifolium, E. rubescens, E. scalare, E. stramineum
Name authority Haussknecht: Oesterr. Bot. Z. 29: 119. (1879) Brandegee: Zoë 3: 242, plate 24. (1892)
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