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glandular willowherb, Rocky Mountain willowherb, Rocky Mountain willowweed, épilobe des rocheuses

broad-leaf willow-herb, tooth willow-herb, willowherb

Habit Herbs usually with sessile, fleshy, underground turions, or sometimes thick, elongated shoots with dark, decussate scales. Herbs with short, basal stolons terminating in fleshy or leafy rosettes at, or just below, ground level.
Stems

erect, strict, terete, 4–55 cm, simple or well branched in age, subglabrous proximally to mixed strigillose and glandular puberulent distally, with raised strigillose lines decurrent from margins of petioles.

erect, terete, (5–)20–95 cm, often well branched, especially distally, densely strigillose proximal to inflorescence, without decurrent lines, mixed strigillose and glandular puberulent distally.

Leaves

opposite proximal to inflorescence, alternate and reduced distally, often ± appressed, usually subsessile, rarely petiole 1–3 mm, often clasping;

blade obovate proximally to ovate, lanceolate, or narrowly elliptic distally, 1–5.5(–6.5) × 0.4–2(–2.4) cm, base rounded or obtuse, margins low denticulate, 9–30 teeth per side, veins ± conspicuous, 3–6 per side, apex subacute, surfaces subglabrous with strigillose margins;

bracts much reduced.

opposite proximal to inflorescence, alternate distally, petiole 1–6 mm;

blade dark green, narrowly ovate to ovate, 3–8 × 1.5–3.4 cm, subequal to internodes, base broadly cuneate to truncate, margins irregularly serrulate with 20–30 teeth per side, veins prominent, 3–5 per side, apex acuminate to acute, surfaces strigillose, especially along veins and margins;

bracts much reduced.

Inflorescences

erect, sometimes nodding in bud, racemes, sometimes sparsely branched.

nodding to erect, racemes or loose panicles, strigillose and glandular puberulent.

Flowers

erect;

buds 2–3.5 × 1.8–2.5 mm;

pedicel 0–1 mm;

floral tube 0.8–1.4 × 0.8–1.9 mm, ring of sparse spreading hairs at mouth inside;

sepals sometimes flushed red, 1.2–3.5 × 0.6–1.4 mm, abaxial surface strigillose and sometimes mixed glandular puberulent;

petals usually white, infrequently pink, 2.2–5(–7) × 1.7–3.2 mm, apical notch 0.4–1.5 mm;

filaments usually cream, rarely light pink, those of longer stamens 2–3.5 mm, those of shorter ones 1–2 mm;

anthers cream to light yellow, 0.3–0.8 × 0.3–0.5 mm;

ovary 9–30 mm, densely strigillose and glandular puberulent;

style cream or yellow, 1.6–2.8 mm, stigma usually narrowly to broadly clavate, rarely subcapitate, 1–3 × 0.8–2 mm, surrounded by at least longer anthers.

erect;

buds 4–5x 1.5–3 mm;

pedicel 2–18 mm;

floral tube 1.2–2 × 1.5–2.5 mm, conspicuous ring of spreading hairs at mouth inside;

sepals often flushed red, keeled, 5–6.5 × 1.2–1.7 mm, abaxial surface strigillose and glandular puberulent;

petals rose-purple, obcordate, 7.5–10 × 4–5.5 mm, apical notch 2.7–4.2 mm;

filaments light pink, those of longer stamens 3.5–5.5 mm, those of shorter ones 1.5–2.4 mm;

anthers yellow, 1–1.2 × 0.5–0.6 mm;

ovary 20–30 mm, strigillose and glandular puberulent;

style rose-purple to white, 3.5–7.5 mm, glabrous or with scattered long hairs near base, stigma deeply 4-lobed, 1.5–2 × 2.5–4 mm, lobes 1.2–1.8 mm, exserted beyond or, sometimes, surrounded by anthers.

Capsules

30–55(–70) mm, surfaces mixed strigillose and glandular puberulent; usually subsessile, rarely pedicel 1–5 mm, often appressed to stem.

40–80 mm, surfaces strigillose and glandular puberulent;

pedicel 8–20 mm.

Seeds

very narrowly obovoid, 1–1.6(–1.8) × 0.4–0.6 mm, chalazal collar 0.1–0.2 mm, light brown or gray, surface rugose to papillose;

coma usually readily detached, white, 3–9 mm.

obovoid, 1–1.2 × 0.4–0.5 mm, chalazal collar inconspicuous, 0.6–0.8 mm wide, brown, surface coarsely papillose;

coma readily detached, dull white, 5–6 mm.

2n

= 36.

= 36.

Epilobium saximontanum

Epilobium montanum

Phenology Flowering Jul–Sep. Flowering Jul–Aug.
Habitat Montane semi-shaded stream banks, damp meadows, mossy seeps, wet slatey cliffs, disturbed or seasonally damp areas. Moist rocky banks, gravelly slopes, open woods, disturbed or waste areas.
Elevation 0–3700 m. (0–12100 ft.) 0–150[–1500] m. (0–500[–4900] ft.)
Distribution
from FNA
AZ; CA; CO; ID; MT; NM; NV; OR; SD; UT; WY; AB; BC; MB; NF; ON; QC
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
ME; BC; NF; Europe; Asia [Introduced in North America; introduced also in Pacific Islands (New Zealand)]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Epilobium saximontanum is morphologically similar to E. ciliatum (especially subsp. glandulosum) with which it also shares the AA chromosome arrangement. However, in addition to its fleshy compact turions, it very characteristically has notably appressed capsules, unlike most other species in the genus, and a notably strict habit.

The distribution of Epilobium saximontanum is unusual; it includes the Rocky Mountain region, only barely reaching the high southern Sierra Nevada, disjunct to the Black Hills of South Dakota, and more widely in eastern Canada, from the shores of Hudson Bay to Newfoundland. Specimens are fairly uniform across this wide and rather discontinuous range, although locally they show some variability, possibly due to hybridization with any of several species that may be sympatric with it. H. Lewis and D. M. Moore (1962) reported hybrids between E. saximontanum (cited as E. brevistylum) and E. ciliatum subsp. ciliatum (cited as E. adenocaulon) from Colorado, and herbarium specimens with E. saximontanum and apparent hybrids are not uncommon.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Epilobium montanum is native and widely distributed throughout Europe and in Asia at least as far east as the Ural Mountains and the Caucasus, and in Japan (A. W. Lievens and P. C. Hoch 1999). It also is questionably naturalized on Campbell Island, New Zealand (P. H. Raven and T. E. Raven 1976). Although E. montanum was first collected in 1894 in the vicinity of St. John’s, Newfoundland, and clearly naturalized in that area, it does not appear to have spread appreciably in eastern North America, unlike European adventives such as E. hirsutum or E. parviflorum. The collection by F. C. Seymour in 1971 in Maine may be an independent introduction. Collections of E. montanum in the University of British Columbia Botanical Garden in Vancouver appeared to have been ephemeral, but more recent collections in ruderal areas in that region suggest that it has naturalized there. Like other European introductions, E. montanum has the BB chromosome arrangement (S. R. Seavey and P. H. Raven 1977).

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Source FNA vol. 10. FNA vol. 10.
Parent taxa Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Epilobieae > Epilobium > sect. Epilobium Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Epilobieae > Epilobium > sect. Epilobium
Sibling taxa
E. anagallidifolium, E. arcticum, E. brachycarpum, E. campestre, E. canum, E. ciliatum, E. clavatum, E. cleistogamum, E. coloratum, E. davuricum, E. densiflorum, E. densum, E. foliosum, E. glaberrimum, E. hallianum, E. hirsutum, E. hornemannii, E. howellii, E. lactiflorum, E. leptocarpum, E. leptophyllum, E. luteum, E. minutum, E. mirabile, E. montanum, E. nevadense, E. nivium, E. obcordatum, E. obscurum, E. oreganum, E. oregonense, E. pallidum, E. palustre, E. parviflorum, E. rigidum, E. septentrionale, E. siskiyouense, E. smithii, E. suffruticosum, E. torreyi
E. anagallidifolium, E. arcticum, E. brachycarpum, E. campestre, E. canum, E. ciliatum, E. clavatum, E. cleistogamum, E. coloratum, E. davuricum, E. densiflorum, E. densum, E. foliosum, E. glaberrimum, E. hallianum, E. hirsutum, E. hornemannii, E. howellii, E. lactiflorum, E. leptocarpum, E. leptophyllum, E. luteum, E. minutum, E. mirabile, E. nevadense, E. nivium, E. obcordatum, E. obscurum, E. oreganum, E. oregonense, E. pallidum, E. palustre, E. parviflorum, E. rigidum, E. saximontanum, E. septentrionale, E. siskiyouense, E. smithii, E. suffruticosum, E. torreyi
Synonyms E. adenocaulon subsp. rubescens, E. drummondii, E. drummondii var. latiusculum, E. latiusculum, E. ovatifolium, E. rubescens, E. scalare, E. stramineum Chamaenerion montanum
Name authority Haussknecht: Oesterr. Bot. Z. 29: 119. (1879) Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 1: 348. (1753)
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