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glandular willowherb, Rocky Mountain willowherb, Rocky Mountain willowweed, épilobe des rocheuses

yellow willowherb

Habit Herbs usually with sessile, fleshy, underground turions, or sometimes thick, elongated shoots with dark, decussate scales. Herbs usually with scaly, subterranean soboles, rarely condensed basal turions.
Stems

erect, strict, terete, 4–55 cm, simple or well branched in age, subglabrous proximally to mixed strigillose and glandular puberulent distally, with raised strigillose lines decurrent from margins of petioles.

several, ascending to suberect, loosely clumped, subterete, 15–75 cm, simple or sparsely branched distally, subglabrous proximal to inflorescence with densely strigillose lines decurrent from margins of petioles, mixed strigillose and glandular puberulent distally.

Leaves

opposite proximal to inflorescence, alternate and reduced distally, often ± appressed, usually subsessile, rarely petiole 1–3 mm, often clasping;

blade obovate proximally to ovate, lanceolate, or narrowly elliptic distally, 1–5.5(–6.5) × 0.4–2(–2.4) cm, base rounded or obtuse, margins low denticulate, 9–30 teeth per side, veins ± conspicuous, 3–6 per side, apex subacute, surfaces subglabrous with strigillose margins;

bracts much reduced.

opposite proximal to inflorescence, alternate distally, petioles 1–3 mm proximally, subsessile distally;

blade ovate or elliptic, 2.5–7.8 × 1.2–3.5 cm, base attenuate, margins denticulate with 8–20 low, ± pellucid teeth per side, 4–7 prominent veins per side, apex acute to acuminate, surfaces subglabrous with scattered strigillose hairs on margin and abaxial midrib;

bracts much reduced, narrower, more acuminate and denticulate.

Inflorescences

erect, sometimes nodding in bud, racemes, sometimes sparsely branched.

nodding, later erect, racemes, congested, simple to sparsely branched, densely mixed strigillose and glandular puberulent.

Flowers

erect;

buds 2–3.5 × 1.8–2.5 mm;

pedicel 0–1 mm;

floral tube 0.8–1.4 × 0.8–1.9 mm, ring of sparse spreading hairs at mouth inside;

sepals sometimes flushed red, 1.2–3.5 × 0.6–1.4 mm, abaxial surface strigillose and sometimes mixed glandular puberulent;

petals usually white, infrequently pink, 2.2–5(–7) × 1.7–3.2 mm, apical notch 0.4–1.5 mm;

filaments usually cream, rarely light pink, those of longer stamens 2–3.5 mm, those of shorter ones 1–2 mm;

anthers cream to light yellow, 0.3–0.8 × 0.3–0.5 mm;

ovary 9–30 mm, densely strigillose and glandular puberulent;

style cream or yellow, 1.6–2.8 mm, stigma usually narrowly to broadly clavate, rarely subcapitate, 1–3 × 0.8–2 mm, surrounded by at least longer anthers.

erect;

buds 6–10 × 4–5 mm;

pedicel 5–8 mm;

floral tube 1.2–3 × 3–4.6 mm, ring of spreading hairs at mouth inside;

sepals greenish cream, lanceolate, 10–12 × 3–3.5 mm, abaxial surface densely glandular puberulent;

petals cream to pale yellow, 12–22 × 9–13 mm, broad apical notch 1.2–2.4 mm;

filaments cream, those of longer stamens 13–16.5 mm, those of shorter ones 10–15 mm;

anthers yellow, 2.2–3 × 0.7–1.3 mm;

ovary 20–35 mm, densely glandular puberulent;

style cream, 15–22 mm, stigma 4-lobed, 1–2 × 2.8–4.5 mm, lobes spreading to recurved, strongly exserted beyond anthers.

Capsules

30–55(–70) mm, surfaces mixed strigillose and glandular puberulent; usually subsessile, rarely pedicel 1–5 mm, often appressed to stem.

erect, 35–75 mm, surfaces sparsely glandular puberulent;

pedicel 10–22 mm.

Seeds

very narrowly obovoid, 1–1.6(–1.8) × 0.4–0.6 mm, chalazal collar 0.1–0.2 mm, light brown or gray, surface rugose to papillose;

coma usually readily detached, white, 3–9 mm.

narrowly fusiform or oblanceoloid, 1–1.2 × 0.4–0.5 mm, chalazal collar 0.06–0.1 mm, surface reticulate;

coma persistent, tawny, 6.5–8 mm.

2n

= 36.

= 36.

Epilobium saximontanum

Epilobium luteum

Phenology Flowering Jul–Sep. Flowering Jul–Sep.
Habitat Montane semi-shaded stream banks, damp meadows, mossy seeps, wet slatey cliffs, disturbed or seasonally damp areas. Moist rocky slopes, seeps, banks of lakes, streams, springs, and gravel bars along coastal (boreal) to montane or subalpine areas near snowfields.
Elevation 0–3700 m. (0–12100 ft.) 0–2200 m. (0–7200 ft.)
Distribution
from FNA
AZ; CA; CO; ID; MT; NM; NV; OR; SD; UT; WY; AB; BC; MB; NF; ON; QC
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
AK; CA; OR; WA; AB; BC
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Epilobium saximontanum is morphologically similar to E. ciliatum (especially subsp. glandulosum) with which it also shares the AA chromosome arrangement. However, in addition to its fleshy compact turions, it very characteristically has notably appressed capsules, unlike most other species in the genus, and a notably strict habit.

The distribution of Epilobium saximontanum is unusual; it includes the Rocky Mountain region, only barely reaching the high southern Sierra Nevada, disjunct to the Black Hills of South Dakota, and more widely in eastern Canada, from the shores of Hudson Bay to Newfoundland. Specimens are fairly uniform across this wide and rather discontinuous range, although locally they show some variability, possibly due to hybridization with any of several species that may be sympatric with it. H. Lewis and D. M. Moore (1962) reported hybrids between E. saximontanum (cited as E. brevistylum) and E. ciliatum subsp. ciliatum (cited as E. adenocaulon) from Colorado, and herbarium specimens with E. saximontanum and apparent hybrids are not uncommon.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Epilobium luteum is one of the most distinctive species in the genus due to its large creamy flowers, a color otherwise known only in the distantly related E. suffruticosum. It appears that E. luteum is most closely related to species of the Alpinae group, sharing not only similarities in perennating habit and structures, but also the derived CC chromosome arrangement (S. R. Seavey and P. H. Raven 1977, 1978).

Because Epilobium luteum is modally outcrossing and commonly pollinated by bees, it sometimes hybridizes with several other species of Epilobium when they grow sympatrically. One recurrent hybrid combination is E. luteum × E. ciliatum subsp. glandulosum, first described and named E. ×treleasianum H. Léveillé, and later E. luteum var. lilacinum L. F. Henderson. Following a suggestion by P. A. Munz (1965) that E. ×treleasianum was a hybrid of that particular parentage, S. R. Seavey (1993) verified the relationship in a series of crossing experiments. Epilobium ×treleasianum occurs over a wide geographical range in Alaska, British Columbia, and Washington, forming repeatedly when the parental species co-occur, and often backcrossing with one or both parents, forming hybrid swarms with varying morphological combinations. It also grows vigorously vegetatively.

Another less common hybrid of Epilobium luteum was described as E. ×pulchrum Suksdorf, and a minor variant as E. ×pulchrum var. albiflorum Suksdorf (S. R. Seavey 1993). The second parent of these hybrids is less obvious, but based on morphological features, it is most likely E. hornemannii, which also grows frequently in sympatry with E. luteum.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Source FNA vol. 10. FNA vol. 10.
Parent taxa Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Epilobieae > Epilobium > sect. Epilobium Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Epilobieae > Epilobium > sect. Epilobium
Sibling taxa
E. anagallidifolium, E. arcticum, E. brachycarpum, E. campestre, E. canum, E. ciliatum, E. clavatum, E. cleistogamum, E. coloratum, E. davuricum, E. densiflorum, E. densum, E. foliosum, E. glaberrimum, E. hallianum, E. hirsutum, E. hornemannii, E. howellii, E. lactiflorum, E. leptocarpum, E. leptophyllum, E. luteum, E. minutum, E. mirabile, E. montanum, E. nevadense, E. nivium, E. obcordatum, E. obscurum, E. oreganum, E. oregonense, E. pallidum, E. palustre, E. parviflorum, E. rigidum, E. septentrionale, E. siskiyouense, E. smithii, E. suffruticosum, E. torreyi
E. anagallidifolium, E. arcticum, E. brachycarpum, E. campestre, E. canum, E. ciliatum, E. clavatum, E. cleistogamum, E. coloratum, E. davuricum, E. densiflorum, E. densum, E. foliosum, E. glaberrimum, E. hallianum, E. hirsutum, E. hornemannii, E. howellii, E. lactiflorum, E. leptocarpum, E. leptophyllum, E. minutum, E. mirabile, E. montanum, E. nevadense, E. nivium, E. obcordatum, E. obscurum, E. oreganum, E. oregonense, E. pallidum, E. palustre, E. parviflorum, E. rigidum, E. saximontanum, E. septentrionale, E. siskiyouense, E. smithii, E. suffruticosum, E. torreyi
Synonyms E. adenocaulon subsp. rubescens, E. drummondii, E. drummondii var. latiusculum, E. latiusculum, E. ovatifolium, E. rubescens, E. scalare, E. stramineum
Name authority Haussknecht: Oesterr. Bot. Z. 29: 119. (1879) Pursh: Fl. Amer. Sept. 1: 259. (1813)
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