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glandular willowherb, Rocky Mountain willowherb, Rocky Mountain willowweed, épilobe des rocheuses

milk-flower willowherb, white-flower willow-herb, épilobe à fleurs blanches

Habit Herbs usually with sessile, fleshy, underground turions, or sometimes thick, elongated shoots with dark, decussate scales. Herbs with short, leafy epigeal soboles.
Stems

erect, strict, terete, 4–55 cm, simple or well branched in age, subglabrous proximally to mixed strigillose and glandular puberulent distally, with raised strigillose lines decurrent from margins of petioles.

ascending to suberect, often clumped, terete, 15–50 cm, usually simple, rarely branched proximally, subglabrous proximal to inflorescence except for raised densely strigillose lines decurrent from margins of petioles, usually mixed strigillose and glandular puberulent distally.

Leaves

opposite proximal to inflorescence, alternate and reduced distally, often ± appressed, usually subsessile, rarely petiole 1–3 mm, often clasping;

blade obovate proximally to ovate, lanceolate, or narrowly elliptic distally, 1–5.5(–6.5) × 0.4–2(–2.4) cm, base rounded or obtuse, margins low denticulate, 9–30 teeth per side, veins ± conspicuous, 3–6 per side, apex subacute, surfaces subglabrous with strigillose margins;

bracts much reduced.

opposite proximal to inflorescence or just proximal 1/3, alternate distally, petiole 3–12 mm, ± winged;

blade broadly spatulate to ovate proximally, narrowly ovate to narrowly lanceolate distally, 2–5.5 × 0.8–2.4 cm, base attenuate to cuneate, margins subentire proximally to denticulate distally with 7–16 teeth per side, more marked distally, lateral veins inconspicuous, 4–8 per side, apex obtuse proximally to subacute distally, surfaces glabrous except for strigillose margins;

bracts reduced and narrower.

Inflorescences

erect, sometimes nodding in bud, racemes, sometimes sparsely branched.

nodding in bud, later erect, ± open racemes, mixed strigillose and glandular puberulent.

Flowers

erect;

buds 2–3.5 × 1.8–2.5 mm;

pedicel 0–1 mm;

floral tube 0.8–1.4 × 0.8–1.9 mm, ring of sparse spreading hairs at mouth inside;

sepals sometimes flushed red, 1.2–3.5 × 0.6–1.4 mm, abaxial surface strigillose and sometimes mixed glandular puberulent;

petals usually white, infrequently pink, 2.2–5(–7) × 1.7–3.2 mm, apical notch 0.4–1.5 mm;

filaments usually cream, rarely light pink, those of longer stamens 2–3.5 mm, those of shorter ones 1–2 mm;

anthers cream to light yellow, 0.3–0.8 × 0.3–0.5 mm;

ovary 9–30 mm, densely strigillose and glandular puberulent;

style cream or yellow, 1.6–2.8 mm, stigma usually narrowly to broadly clavate, rarely subcapitate, 1–3 × 0.8–2 mm, surrounded by at least longer anthers.

suberect;

buds 2–5 × 1.5–3.5 mm;

pedicel 5–15 mm;

floral tube 1–2.2 × 1–3 mm, inner surface glabrous without ring;

sepals often flushed purplish red, frequently keeled, (2–)3–5.5 × 0.9–1.8 mm, abaxial surface sparsely glandular puberulent, sometimes mixed strigillose;

petals white, rarely with red veins or flushed light pink, 3–8.5 × 1.6–4.5 mm, apical notch 0.7–1.4 mm;

filaments white to cream, those of longer stamens 1.4–4 mm, those of shorter ones 1.1–3 mm;

anthers light yellow, 0.4–0.9 × 0.3–0.6 mm;

ovary 20–40 mm, glandular puberulent;

style cream or white, 1.4–4.6 mm, stigma clavate or rarely subcapitate and indented apically, entire, 1.2–2.5 × 0.4–1.6 mm, surrounded by anthers.

Capsules

30–55(–70) mm, surfaces mixed strigillose and glandular puberulent; usually subsessile, rarely pedicel 1–5 mm, often appressed to stem.

slender, sometimes flushed reddish green, ± ascending, 50–100 mm, surfaces sparsely glandular puberulent;

pedicel 15–45 mm.

Seeds

very narrowly obovoid, 1–1.6(–1.8) × 0.4–0.6 mm, chalazal collar 0.1–0.2 mm, light brown or gray, surface rugose to papillose;

coma usually readily detached, white, 3–9 mm.

narrowly obovoid, 1.1–1.7 × 0.4–0.6 mm, chalazal collar 0.05–0.1 mm, blond or light brown, surface reticulate or sometimes barely rugose;

coma easily detached, white, 7–14 mm.

2n

= 36.

= 36.

Epilobium saximontanum

Epilobium lactiflorum

Phenology Flowering Jul–Sep. Flowering Jun–Sep.
Habitat Montane semi-shaded stream banks, damp meadows, mossy seeps, wet slatey cliffs, disturbed or seasonally damp areas. Montane stream banks, moist crevices and ledges, gravelly roadsides, burned-over woodlands, sandy moraines, subalpine forests, alpine meadows.
Elevation 0–3700 m. (0–12100 ft.) 50–3800 m. (200–12500 ft.)
Distribution
from FNA
AZ; CA; CO; ID; MT; NM; NV; OR; SD; UT; WY; AB; BC; MB; NF; ON; QC
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
AK; AZ; CA; CO; ID; ME; MT; NH; NM; NV; OR; UT; VT; WA; WY; AB; BC; NB; NL; NS; NT; ON; QC; YT; Greenland; Eurasia
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Epilobium saximontanum is morphologically similar to E. ciliatum (especially subsp. glandulosum) with which it also shares the AA chromosome arrangement. However, in addition to its fleshy compact turions, it very characteristically has notably appressed capsules, unlike most other species in the genus, and a notably strict habit.

The distribution of Epilobium saximontanum is unusual; it includes the Rocky Mountain region, only barely reaching the high southern Sierra Nevada, disjunct to the Black Hills of South Dakota, and more widely in eastern Canada, from the shores of Hudson Bay to Newfoundland. Specimens are fairly uniform across this wide and rather discontinuous range, although locally they show some variability, possibly due to hybridization with any of several species that may be sympatric with it. H. Lewis and D. M. Moore (1962) reported hybrids between E. saximontanum (cited as E. brevistylum) and E. ciliatum subsp. ciliatum (cited as E. adenocaulon) from Colorado, and herbarium specimens with E. saximontanum and apparent hybrids are not uncommon.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Epilobium lactiflorum has a nearly circum-subarctic distribution in North America (including coastal Greenland) and Eurasia, extending south into alpine and cool montane habitats along mountain axes. This distribution is similar to that of E. anagallidifolium and E. hornemannii (all with CC chromosomal arrangement), and these species commonly grow in similar habitats as well.

Petal color can be variable in many Epilobium species, but E. lactiflorum (white flowers) differs quite consistently from E. hornemannii (rose-purple to light pink or rarely white) in that feature. Mature fruits and pedicels are also fairly longer in E. lactiflorum. Despite their morphological similarities and broadly overlapping ranges and habitats, E. lactiflorum and E. hornemannii subsp. hornemannii do not appear to hybridize with much frequency, although intermediates, with only moderately reduced seed fertility, might be difficult to detect.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Source FNA vol. 10. FNA vol. 10.
Parent taxa Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Epilobieae > Epilobium > sect. Epilobium Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Epilobieae > Epilobium > sect. Epilobium
Sibling taxa
E. anagallidifolium, E. arcticum, E. brachycarpum, E. campestre, E. canum, E. ciliatum, E. clavatum, E. cleistogamum, E. coloratum, E. davuricum, E. densiflorum, E. densum, E. foliosum, E. glaberrimum, E. hallianum, E. hirsutum, E. hornemannii, E. howellii, E. lactiflorum, E. leptocarpum, E. leptophyllum, E. luteum, E. minutum, E. mirabile, E. montanum, E. nevadense, E. nivium, E. obcordatum, E. obscurum, E. oreganum, E. oregonense, E. pallidum, E. palustre, E. parviflorum, E. rigidum, E. septentrionale, E. siskiyouense, E. smithii, E. suffruticosum, E. torreyi
E. anagallidifolium, E. arcticum, E. brachycarpum, E. campestre, E. canum, E. ciliatum, E. clavatum, E. cleistogamum, E. coloratum, E. davuricum, E. densiflorum, E. densum, E. foliosum, E. glaberrimum, E. hallianum, E. hirsutum, E. hornemannii, E. howellii, E. leptocarpum, E. leptophyllum, E. luteum, E. minutum, E. mirabile, E. montanum, E. nevadense, E. nivium, E. obcordatum, E. obscurum, E. oreganum, E. oregonense, E. pallidum, E. palustre, E. parviflorum, E. rigidum, E. saximontanum, E. septentrionale, E. siskiyouense, E. smithii, E. suffruticosum, E. torreyi
Synonyms E. adenocaulon subsp. rubescens, E. drummondii, E. drummondii var. latiusculum, E. latiusculum, E. ovatifolium, E. rubescens, E. scalare, E. stramineum E. alpinum var. lactiflorum, E. canadense, E. canadense var. albescens, E. hornemannii var. lactiflorum
Name authority Haussknecht: Oesterr. Bot. Z. 29: 119. (1879) Haussknecht: Oesterr. Bot. Z. 29: 89. (1879)
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