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glandular willowherb, Rocky Mountain willowherb, Rocky Mountain willowweed, épilobe des rocheuses

Hornemann's willow-herb, épilobe de Hornemann

Habit Herbs usually with sessile, fleshy, underground turions, or sometimes thick, elongated shoots with dark, decussate scales. Herbs with short, scaly hypogeous or leafy epigeous soboles.
Stems

erect, strict, terete, 4–55 cm, simple or well branched in age, subglabrous proximally to mixed strigillose and glandular puberulent distally, with raised strigillose lines decurrent from margins of petioles.

ascending to erect, clumped, terete, 10–45 cm, usually simple, rarely branched proximally, subglabrous proximal to inflorescence with sparsely strigillose lines decurrent from margins of petioles, ± sparsely mixed strigillose and glandular puberulent distally.

Leaves

opposite proximal to inflorescence, alternate and reduced distally, often ± appressed, usually subsessile, rarely petiole 1–3 mm, often clasping;

blade obovate proximally to ovate, lanceolate, or narrowly elliptic distally, 1–5.5(–6.5) × 0.4–2(–2.4) cm, base rounded or obtuse, margins low denticulate, 9–30 teeth per side, veins ± conspicuous, 3–6 per side, apex subacute, surfaces subglabrous with strigillose margins;

bracts much reduced.

opposite proximal to inflorescence, usually alternate distally, petioles 3–9 mm proximally to subsessile distally;

blade broadly elliptic to spatulate proximally, ovate to lanceolate distally, ± coriaceous or not, 1.5–6.2 × 0.7–2.9 cm, base attenuate to cuneate or rounded, margins subentire proximally, denticulate distally with 10–25 teeth per side, veins often inconspicuous, 4–7 per side, apex obtuse to subacute, surfaces glabrous or, sometimes, strigillose along margins;

bracts reduced.

Inflorescences

erect, sometimes nodding in bud, racemes, sometimes sparsely branched.

erect or nodding, open racemes, mixed strigillose and glandular puberulent.

Flowers

erect;

buds 2–3.5 × 1.8–2.5 mm;

pedicel 0–1 mm;

floral tube 0.8–1.4 × 0.8–1.9 mm, ring of sparse spreading hairs at mouth inside;

sepals sometimes flushed red, 1.2–3.5 × 0.6–1.4 mm, abaxial surface strigillose and sometimes mixed glandular puberulent;

petals usually white, infrequently pink, 2.2–5(–7) × 1.7–3.2 mm, apical notch 0.4–1.5 mm;

filaments usually cream, rarely light pink, those of longer stamens 2–3.5 mm, those of shorter ones 1–2 mm;

anthers cream to light yellow, 0.3–0.8 × 0.3–0.5 mm;

ovary 9–30 mm, densely strigillose and glandular puberulent;

style cream or yellow, 1.6–2.8 mm, stigma usually narrowly to broadly clavate, rarely subcapitate, 1–3 × 0.8–2 mm, surrounded by at least longer anthers.

erect;

buds 2–5.5 × 2–4 mm;

pedicel 2–5 mm;

floral tube 1–2.2 × 1.3–2.8 mm, sparse ring of hairs at mouth inside or ring absent;

sepals sometimes red-tipped or bright red, 2–7 × 1–2.2 mm, abaxial surface sparsely strigillose and glandular puberulent;

petals usually rose-purple or magenta to light pink, rarely white, 3–10(–11) × 2–6 mm, apical notch 0.7–2.4 mm;

filaments cream to light pink, those of longer stamens 1.4–5(–6) mm, those of shorter ones 1.2–4 mm;

anthers light yellow, 0.4–1.2 × 0.3–0.6 mm;

ovary 15–25 mm, glandular puberulent, sometimes mixed strigillose;

style white or cream, 2–8 mm, stigma cream, clavate or cylindrical, entire, 1.2–3 × 0.5–1 mm, usually surrounded by, rarely exserted beyond, anthers.

Capsules

30–55(–70) mm, surfaces mixed strigillose and glandular puberulent; usually subsessile, rarely pedicel 1–5 mm, often appressed to stem.

35–65 mm, surfaces glandular puberulent, sometimes mixed strigillose;

pedicel 5–15(–25) mm.

Seeds

very narrowly obovoid, 1–1.6(–1.8) × 0.4–0.6 mm, chalazal collar 0.1–0.2 mm, light brown or gray, surface rugose to papillose;

coma usually readily detached, white, 3–9 mm.

narrowly fusiform or oblanceoloid, 0.9–1.6 × 0.3–0.5 mm, chalazal collar short, 0.05–0.1 mm, blond to brown, surface distinctly papillose or reticulate/smooth;

coma readily detached, dingy white, 6–11 mm.

2n

= 36.

Epilobium saximontanum

Epilobium hornemannii

Phenology Flowering Jul–Sep.
Habitat Montane semi-shaded stream banks, damp meadows, mossy seeps, wet slatey cliffs, disturbed or seasonally damp areas.
Elevation 0–3700 m. (0–12100 ft.)
Distribution
from FNA
AZ; CA; CO; ID; MT; NM; NV; OR; SD; UT; WY; AB; BC; MB; NF; ON; QC
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from USDA
North America; Eurasia
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Epilobium saximontanum is morphologically similar to E. ciliatum (especially subsp. glandulosum) with which it also shares the AA chromosome arrangement. However, in addition to its fleshy compact turions, it very characteristically has notably appressed capsules, unlike most other species in the genus, and a notably strict habit.

The distribution of Epilobium saximontanum is unusual; it includes the Rocky Mountain region, only barely reaching the high southern Sierra Nevada, disjunct to the Black Hills of South Dakota, and more widely in eastern Canada, from the shores of Hudson Bay to Newfoundland. Specimens are fairly uniform across this wide and rather discontinuous range, although locally they show some variability, possibly due to hybridization with any of several species that may be sympatric with it. H. Lewis and D. M. Moore (1962) reported hybrids between E. saximontanum (cited as E. brevistylum) and E. ciliatum subsp. ciliatum (cited as E. adenocaulon) from Colorado, and herbarium specimens with E. saximontanum and apparent hybrids are not uncommon.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Subspecies 2 (2 in the flora).

Epilobium hornemannii occurs widely in montane and boreal regions in North America and western Eurasia, and also in Japan and the Russian Far East. It is characterized by having the CC chromosome arrangement and is included in the Alpinae alliance with E. anagallidifolium, E. lactiflorum, and others (I. Kytövuori 1972).

W. Trelease (1891) discussed eastern and western forms of Epilobium hornemannii, the latter divided into two variations; however, he did not formally recognize any of these variants.

P. A. Munz (1965) included the Eurasian Epilobium alsinifolium Villars in his North American treatment, noting that it occurred in Greenland. However, B. Fredskild (1984) suggested that, for the most part, these determinations represent misidentifications of E. hornemannii.

The two subspecies recognized here intergrade throughout much of their shared range, but whereas subsp. hornemannii is commonly found in high montane to alpine regions, in the northern part of its range it grows at much lower elevations, and in maritime areasis replaced by coriaceous-leaved forms here designated as subsp. behringianum. The situation is rather analogous to the pattern seen in E. ciliatum in which subsp. ciliatum is wide-ranging and variable, but replaced in Pacific maritime areas by subsp. watsonii, from which it differs consistently in most specimens, but sometimes intergrades.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Key
1. Leaves not coriaceous, petioles 3–7 mm proximally; sepals 2–4.5 mm; petals 3–9 mm; capsules 40–65 mm; seeds 0.9–1.2 mm, surface papillose.
subsp. hornemannii
1. Leaves ± coriaceous, petioles 4–9 mm proximally; sepals 5–7 mm; petals 8–10(–11) mm; capsules 35–55 mm; seeds 0.9–1.6 mm, surface reticulate.
subsp. behringianum
Source FNA vol. 10. FNA vol. 10.
Parent taxa Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Epilobieae > Epilobium > sect. Epilobium Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Epilobieae > Epilobium > sect. Epilobium
Sibling taxa
E. anagallidifolium, E. arcticum, E. brachycarpum, E. campestre, E. canum, E. ciliatum, E. clavatum, E. cleistogamum, E. coloratum, E. davuricum, E. densiflorum, E. densum, E. foliosum, E. glaberrimum, E. hallianum, E. hirsutum, E. hornemannii, E. howellii, E. lactiflorum, E. leptocarpum, E. leptophyllum, E. luteum, E. minutum, E. mirabile, E. montanum, E. nevadense, E. nivium, E. obcordatum, E. obscurum, E. oreganum, E. oregonense, E. pallidum, E. palustre, E. parviflorum, E. rigidum, E. septentrionale, E. siskiyouense, E. smithii, E. suffruticosum, E. torreyi
E. anagallidifolium, E. arcticum, E. brachycarpum, E. campestre, E. canum, E. ciliatum, E. clavatum, E. cleistogamum, E. coloratum, E. davuricum, E. densiflorum, E. densum, E. foliosum, E. glaberrimum, E. hallianum, E. hirsutum, E. howellii, E. lactiflorum, E. leptocarpum, E. leptophyllum, E. luteum, E. minutum, E. mirabile, E. montanum, E. nevadense, E. nivium, E. obcordatum, E. obscurum, E. oreganum, E. oregonense, E. pallidum, E. palustre, E. parviflorum, E. rigidum, E. saximontanum, E. septentrionale, E. siskiyouense, E. smithii, E. suffruticosum, E. torreyi
Subordinate taxa
E. hornemannii subsp. behringianum, E. hornemannii subsp. hornemannii
Synonyms E. adenocaulon subsp. rubescens, E. drummondii, E. drummondii var. latiusculum, E. latiusculum, E. ovatifolium, E. rubescens, E. scalare, E. stramineum E. nutans
Name authority Haussknecht: Oesterr. Bot. Z. 29: 119. (1879) Reichenbach: Iconogr. Bot. Pl. Crit. 2: 73. (1824) — (as hornemanni)
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