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glandular willowherb, Rocky Mountain willowherb, Rocky Mountain willowweed, épilobe des rocheuses

downy willowherb, épilobe dressé

Habit Herbs usually with sessile, fleshy, underground turions, or sometimes thick, elongated shoots with dark, decussate scales. Herbs with threadlike, sparsely leaved epigeous stolons terminating with compact fleshy turions 4–8 × 3–4 mm.
Stems

erect, strict, terete, 4–55 cm, simple or well branched in age, subglabrous proximally to mixed strigillose and glandular puberulent distally, with raised strigillose lines decurrent from margins of petioles.

erect, simple or loosely clustered, terete, 15–95 cm, often well branched distally, densely villous throughout, sometimes mixed glandular puberulent distally, decurrent lines absent.

Leaves

opposite proximal to inflorescence, alternate and reduced distally, often ± appressed, usually subsessile, rarely petiole 1–3 mm, often clasping;

blade obovate proximally to ovate, lanceolate, or narrowly elliptic distally, 1–5.5(–6.5) × 0.4–2(–2.4) cm, base rounded or obtuse, margins low denticulate, 9–30 teeth per side, veins ± conspicuous, 3–6 per side, apex subacute, surfaces subglabrous with strigillose margins;

bracts much reduced.

opposite proximally, alternate and often fasciculate distally, subsessile;

blade oblong-lanceolate to sublinear, 2–4.5 × 0.3–0.9 cm, ± exceeding internodes, base cuneate, margins entire or denticulate, 3–6 inconspicuous teeth per side, sometimes revolute, veins apparent on abaxial side, 3–5 per side, apex acute, surfaces villous, especially distally;

bracts somewhat reduced.

Inflorescences

erect, sometimes nodding in bud, racemes, sometimes sparsely branched.

erect racemes, branched or not, densely villous, sometimes mixed glandular puberulent.

Flowers

erect;

buds 2–3.5 × 1.8–2.5 mm;

pedicel 0–1 mm;

floral tube 0.8–1.4 × 0.8–1.9 mm, ring of sparse spreading hairs at mouth inside;

sepals sometimes flushed red, 1.2–3.5 × 0.6–1.4 mm, abaxial surface strigillose and sometimes mixed glandular puberulent;

petals usually white, infrequently pink, 2.2–5(–7) × 1.7–3.2 mm, apical notch 0.4–1.5 mm;

filaments usually cream, rarely light pink, those of longer stamens 2–3.5 mm, those of shorter ones 1–2 mm;

anthers cream to light yellow, 0.3–0.8 × 0.3–0.5 mm;

ovary 9–30 mm, densely strigillose and glandular puberulent;

style cream or yellow, 1.6–2.8 mm, stigma usually narrowly to broadly clavate, rarely subcapitate, 1–3 × 0.8–2 mm, surrounded by at least longer anthers.

erect;

buds 2.5–5 × 1.5–1.5 mm;

pedicel 3–8 mm;

floral tube 1–1.8 ×1–2 mm, ring of spreading hairs at mouth inside;

sepals 2–4.5 × 1–1.3 mm, abaxial surface villous and glandular puberulent;

petals light to dark pink, obcordate, 4–6 × 2–3 mm, apical notch 1–1.5 mm;

filaments pink, those of longer stamens 2–3.5 mm, those of shorter ones 1–2 mm;

anthers cream, 0.5–0.8 × 0.4–0.6 mm;

ovary 12–20 mm, densely villous, often mixed glandular puberulent;

style cream, 2–3.5 mm, stigma narrowly clavate, entire, 1–1.6 × 0.5–1 mm, surrounded by anthers.

Capsules

30–55(–70) mm, surfaces mixed strigillose and glandular puberulent; usually subsessile, rarely pedicel 1–5 mm, often appressed to stem.

35–68 mm, short-beaked, surfaces densely villous, sometimes mixed glandular puberulent;

pedicel 5–15 mm.

Seeds

very narrowly obovoid, 1–1.6(–1.8) × 0.4–0.6 mm, chalazal collar 0.1–0.2 mm, light brown or gray, surface rugose to papillose;

coma usually readily detached, white, 3–9 mm.

narrowly fusiform to narrowly obovoid, 1.5–2 × 0.5–0.6 mm, chalazal collar inconspicuous, 0.1 mm, surface low papillose;

coma persistent, dingy white, 6–8 mm.

2n

= 36.

= 36.

Epilobium saximontanum

Epilobium densum

Phenology Flowering Jul–Sep. Flowering Jul–Sep.
Habitat Montane semi-shaded stream banks, damp meadows, mossy seeps, wet slatey cliffs, disturbed or seasonally damp areas. Sphagnum and peat bogs, marshes, seeps, damp pastures.
Elevation 0–3700 m. (0–12100 ft.) 0–600 m. (0–2000 ft.)
Distribution
from FNA
AZ; CA; CO; ID; MT; NM; NV; OR; SD; UT; WY; AB; BC; MB; NF; ON; QC
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
CT; IA; IL; IN; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; NH; NJ; NY; OH; PA; RI; VA; VT; WI; NB; NS; ON; PE; QC
Discussion

Epilobium saximontanum is morphologically similar to E. ciliatum (especially subsp. glandulosum) with which it also shares the AA chromosome arrangement. However, in addition to its fleshy compact turions, it very characteristically has notably appressed capsules, unlike most other species in the genus, and a notably strict habit.

The distribution of Epilobium saximontanum is unusual; it includes the Rocky Mountain region, only barely reaching the high southern Sierra Nevada, disjunct to the Black Hills of South Dakota, and more widely in eastern Canada, from the shores of Hudson Bay to Newfoundland. Specimens are fairly uniform across this wide and rather discontinuous range, although locally they show some variability, possibly due to hybridization with any of several species that may be sympatric with it. H. Lewis and D. M. Moore (1962) reported hybrids between E. saximontanum (cited as E. brevistylum) and E. ciliatum subsp. ciliatum (cited as E. adenocaulon) from Colorado, and herbarium specimens with E. saximontanum and apparent hybrids are not uncommon.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Epilobium densum is relatively uncommon but widely distributed within the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River region in boggy or marshy areas. Within that region, it sometimes grows in close proximity with E. leptophyllum and E. palustre; it is densely pubescent like E. leptophyllum, and although the type of hairs differs markedly on the two species, they sometimes are found mixed on herbarium sheets. Because it is less pubescent, E. palustre is rarely mixed or confused with E. densum. Hybrids among these species occur but are uncommon and generally marked by slightly to moderately reduced seed fertility.

M. L. Fernald (1944d), among others, argued that names published in the Catalogus by Muhlenberg were not validly published. In the case of Epilobium strictum, K. Sprengel considered that Muhlenberg provided enough of a description (upright, soft) to validate the name in 1825. However, Rafinesque had validly published the name E. densum for the same taxon in 1814.

Epilobium molle Torrey is an illegitimate name that pertains here.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Source FNA vol. 10. FNA vol. 10.
Parent taxa Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Epilobieae > Epilobium > sect. Epilobium Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Epilobieae > Epilobium > sect. Epilobium
Sibling taxa
E. anagallidifolium, E. arcticum, E. brachycarpum, E. campestre, E. canum, E. ciliatum, E. clavatum, E. cleistogamum, E. coloratum, E. davuricum, E. densiflorum, E. densum, E. foliosum, E. glaberrimum, E. hallianum, E. hirsutum, E. hornemannii, E. howellii, E. lactiflorum, E. leptocarpum, E. leptophyllum, E. luteum, E. minutum, E. mirabile, E. montanum, E. nevadense, E. nivium, E. obcordatum, E. obscurum, E. oreganum, E. oregonense, E. pallidum, E. palustre, E. parviflorum, E. rigidum, E. septentrionale, E. siskiyouense, E. smithii, E. suffruticosum, E. torreyi
E. anagallidifolium, E. arcticum, E. brachycarpum, E. campestre, E. canum, E. ciliatum, E. clavatum, E. cleistogamum, E. coloratum, E. davuricum, E. densiflorum, E. foliosum, E. glaberrimum, E. hallianum, E. hirsutum, E. hornemannii, E. howellii, E. lactiflorum, E. leptocarpum, E. leptophyllum, E. luteum, E. minutum, E. mirabile, E. montanum, E. nevadense, E. nivium, E. obcordatum, E. obscurum, E. oreganum, E. oregonense, E. pallidum, E. palustre, E. parviflorum, E. rigidum, E. saximontanum, E. septentrionale, E. siskiyouense, E. smithii, E. suffruticosum, E. torreyi
Synonyms E. adenocaulon subsp. rubescens, E. drummondii, E. drummondii var. latiusculum, E. latiusculum, E. ovatifolium, E. rubescens, E. scalare, E. stramineum E. strictum
Name authority Haussknecht: Oesterr. Bot. Z. 29: 119. (1879) Rafinesque: Précis Découv. Somiol. 42. (1814)
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