The green links below add additional plants to the comparison table. Blue links lead to other Web sites.
enable glossary links

glandular willowherb, Rocky Mountain willowherb, Rocky Mountain willowweed, épilobe des rocheuses

Dahurian willowherb, northern swamp willowherb, épilobe de daourie

Habit Herbs usually with sessile, fleshy, underground turions, or sometimes thick, elongated shoots with dark, decussate scales. Herbs with basal rosettes of linear leaves 12–40 × 2–5 mm.
Stems

erect, strict, terete, 4–55 cm, simple or well branched in age, subglabrous proximally to mixed strigillose and glandular puberulent distally, with raised strigillose lines decurrent from margins of petioles.

erect, rarely clumped, terete, 10–40(–45) cm, usually simple, rarely branched, glabrous proximal to inflorescence with sparsely strigillose raised lines decurrent from margins of petioles, mixed strigillose and glandular puberulent distally.

Leaves

opposite proximal to inflorescence, alternate and reduced distally, often ± appressed, usually subsessile, rarely petiole 1–3 mm, often clasping;

blade obovate proximally to ovate, lanceolate, or narrowly elliptic distally, 1–5.5(–6.5) × 0.4–2(–2.4) cm, base rounded or obtuse, margins low denticulate, 9–30 teeth per side, veins ± conspicuous, 3–6 per side, apex subacute, surfaces subglabrous with strigillose margins;

bracts much reduced.

opposite and crowded proximal to inflorescence, alternate and scattered distally, subsessile;

blade narrowly oblong or narrowly lanceolate to linear, (1.2–)2–4.5 × 0.1–0.5 cm, base attenuate, margins irregularly denticulate, 2–4 teeth per side, veins inconspicuous, 3 or 4 per side, apex subacute to obtuse or ± truncate, surfaces glabrous with sparsely strigillose margins and adaxial midrib;

bracts much reduced and narrower.

Inflorescences

erect, sometimes nodding in bud, racemes, sometimes sparsely branched.

nodding in bud, suberect later, racemes, simple, mixed strigillose and glandular puberulent, sometimes subglabrous.

Flowers

erect;

buds 2–3.5 × 1.8–2.5 mm;

pedicel 0–1 mm;

floral tube 0.8–1.4 × 0.8–1.9 mm, ring of sparse spreading hairs at mouth inside;

sepals sometimes flushed red, 1.2–3.5 × 0.6–1.4 mm, abaxial surface strigillose and sometimes mixed glandular puberulent;

petals usually white, infrequently pink, 2.2–5(–7) × 1.7–3.2 mm, apical notch 0.4–1.5 mm;

filaments usually cream, rarely light pink, those of longer stamens 2–3.5 mm, those of shorter ones 1–2 mm;

anthers cream to light yellow, 0.3–0.8 × 0.3–0.5 mm;

ovary 9–30 mm, densely strigillose and glandular puberulent;

style cream or yellow, 1.6–2.8 mm, stigma usually narrowly to broadly clavate, rarely subcapitate, 1–3 × 0.8–2 mm, surrounded by at least longer anthers.

erect, sometimes starting in third most-proximal node;

buds 3–6.5 × 1–2 mm;

pedicel 4–15 mm;

floral tube 0.7–1.6 × 1–2.2 mm, with or often without ring of spreading hairs at mouth inside;

sepals 1.2–3.5 × 0.7–1.2 mm, apex subacute;

petals white, 2–5.5 × 1.2–3.1 mm, apical notch 0.3–1 mm;

filaments white or cream, those of longer stamens 1–2.5 mm, those of shorter ones 0.5–1.4 mm;

anthers cream, 0.4–0.6 × 0.3–0.5 mm;

ovary usually purplish red, 10–20 mm, sparsely mixed strigillose and glandular puberulent or subglabrous;

style cream or white, 0.7–2.5 mm, stigma cylindrical to clavate, entire, 0.8–2 × 0.2–1.2 mm, surrounded by anthers.

Capsules

30–55(–70) mm, surfaces mixed strigillose and glandular puberulent; usually subsessile, rarely pedicel 1–5 mm, often appressed to stem.

slender, 30–55 mm, surfaces sparsely strigillose and glandular puberulent;

pedicel 8–38 mm.

Seeds

very narrowly obovoid, 1–1.6(–1.8) × 0.4–0.6 mm, chalazal collar 0.1–0.2 mm, light brown or gray, surface rugose to papillose;

coma usually readily detached, white, 3–9 mm.

narrowly attenuate, 1.4–2 × 0.3–0.5 mm, chalazal collar conspicuous, 0.1–0.3 mm, light brown or blond, surface papillose;

coma persistent, white, 3–5 mm.

2n

= 36.

= 36.

Epilobium saximontanum

Epilobium davuricum

Phenology Flowering Jul–Sep. Flowering Jul–Aug.
Habitat Montane semi-shaded stream banks, damp meadows, mossy seeps, wet slatey cliffs, disturbed or seasonally damp areas. Subarctic open balsam poplar and spruce forests, taiga, wet meadows, boggy coastal areas, limestone barrens, wet marly soils.
Elevation 0–3700 m. (0–12100 ft.) 0–1500(–2000) m. (0–4900(–6600) ft.)
Distribution
from FNA
AZ; CA; CO; ID; MT; NM; NV; OR; SD; UT; WY; AB; BC; MB; NF; ON; QC
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
AK; AB; BC; MB; NF; NT; NU; ON; QC; SK; YT; Europe (Russia)
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Epilobium saximontanum is morphologically similar to E. ciliatum (especially subsp. glandulosum) with which it also shares the AA chromosome arrangement. However, in addition to its fleshy compact turions, it very characteristically has notably appressed capsules, unlike most other species in the genus, and a notably strict habit.

The distribution of Epilobium saximontanum is unusual; it includes the Rocky Mountain region, only barely reaching the high southern Sierra Nevada, disjunct to the Black Hills of South Dakota, and more widely in eastern Canada, from the shores of Hudson Bay to Newfoundland. Specimens are fairly uniform across this wide and rather discontinuous range, although locally they show some variability, possibly due to hybridization with any of several species that may be sympatric with it. H. Lewis and D. M. Moore (1962) reported hybrids between E. saximontanum (cited as E. brevistylum) and E. ciliatum subsp. ciliatum (cited as E. adenocaulon) from Colorado, and herbarium specimens with E. saximontanum and apparent hybrids are not uncommon.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Even though Epilobium davuricum has not yet been characterized by chromosome group, its morphology and general distribution suggest that it (plus E. arcticum) is related to E. palustre as a member of the Palustriformes group. It does not have the turion-tipped stolons that characterize E. palustre and relatives but has similarly large seeds with a distinct chalazal collar. Some specimens with aberrant combinations of characters suggest that E. davuricum may hybridize with E. palustre and possibly E. arcticum in areas where their distributions overlap.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Source FNA vol. 10. FNA vol. 10.
Parent taxa Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Epilobieae > Epilobium > sect. Epilobium Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Epilobieae > Epilobium > sect. Epilobium
Sibling taxa
E. anagallidifolium, E. arcticum, E. brachycarpum, E. campestre, E. canum, E. ciliatum, E. clavatum, E. cleistogamum, E. coloratum, E. davuricum, E. densiflorum, E. densum, E. foliosum, E. glaberrimum, E. hallianum, E. hirsutum, E. hornemannii, E. howellii, E. lactiflorum, E. leptocarpum, E. leptophyllum, E. luteum, E. minutum, E. mirabile, E. montanum, E. nevadense, E. nivium, E. obcordatum, E. obscurum, E. oreganum, E. oregonense, E. pallidum, E. palustre, E. parviflorum, E. rigidum, E. septentrionale, E. siskiyouense, E. smithii, E. suffruticosum, E. torreyi
E. anagallidifolium, E. arcticum, E. brachycarpum, E. campestre, E. canum, E. ciliatum, E. clavatum, E. cleistogamum, E. coloratum, E. densiflorum, E. densum, E. foliosum, E. glaberrimum, E. hallianum, E. hirsutum, E. hornemannii, E. howellii, E. lactiflorum, E. leptocarpum, E. leptophyllum, E. luteum, E. minutum, E. mirabile, E. montanum, E. nevadense, E. nivium, E. obcordatum, E. obscurum, E. oreganum, E. oregonense, E. pallidum, E. palustre, E. parviflorum, E. rigidum, E. saximontanum, E. septentrionale, E. siskiyouense, E. smithii, E. suffruticosum, E. torreyi
Synonyms E. adenocaulon subsp. rubescens, E. drummondii, E. drummondii var. latiusculum, E. latiusculum, E. ovatifolium, E. rubescens, E. scalare, E. stramineum E. palustre var. davuricum
Name authority Haussknecht: Oesterr. Bot. Z. 29: 119. (1879) Fischer ex Sprengel: Novi Provent., 44. (1818)
Web links