Epilobium saximontanum |
Epilobium coloratum |
|
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glandular willowherb, Rocky Mountain willowherb, Rocky Mountain willowweed, épilobe des rocheuses |
eastern willow-herb, purple-leaf willowherb |
|
Habit | Herbs usually with sessile, fleshy, underground turions, or sometimes thick, elongated shoots with dark, decussate scales. | Herbs often robust and rank, with sessile or short-stalked leafy basal rosettes and dense fibrous roots. |
Stems | erect, strict, terete, 4–55 cm, simple or well branched in age, subglabrous proximally to mixed strigillose and glandular puberulent distally, with raised strigillose lines decurrent from margins of petioles. |
erect, subterete, (20–)40–85(–120) cm, freely branched distally, subglabrous proximal to inflorescence, often with raised strigillose lines decurrent from petioles, densely strigillose distally. |
Leaves | opposite proximal to inflorescence, alternate and reduced distally, often ± appressed, usually subsessile, rarely petiole 1–3 mm, often clasping; blade obovate proximally to ovate, lanceolate, or narrowly elliptic distally, 1–5.5(–6.5) × 0.4–2(–2.4) cm, base rounded or obtuse, margins low denticulate, 9–30 teeth per side, veins ± conspicuous, 3–6 per side, apex subacute, surfaces subglabrous with strigillose margins; bracts much reduced. |
opposite proximal to inflorescence, alternate distally, petiole 4–10 mm; blade narrowly lanceolate to lanceolate or narrowly elliptic, 3–10(–15) × 0.5–3 cm, subequal to internodes, base rounded to cuneate, margins sharply and irregularly serrulate, 30–75 teeth per side, veins prominent, often raised abaxially, 10–25 per side, apex acute or acuminate, surfaces subglabrous with strigillose margins and abaxial veins; bracts abruptly reduced. |
Inflorescences | erect, sometimes nodding in bud, racemes, sometimes sparsely branched. |
usually upright panicles, sometimes corymbiform, rarely racemes, densely strigillose. |
Flowers | erect; buds 2–3.5 × 1.8–2.5 mm; pedicel 0–1 mm; floral tube 0.8–1.4 × 0.8–1.9 mm, ring of sparse spreading hairs at mouth inside; sepals sometimes flushed red, 1.2–3.5 × 0.6–1.4 mm, abaxial surface strigillose and sometimes mixed glandular puberulent; petals usually white, infrequently pink, 2.2–5(–7) × 1.7–3.2 mm, apical notch 0.4–1.5 mm; filaments usually cream, rarely light pink, those of longer stamens 2–3.5 mm, those of shorter ones 1–2 mm; anthers cream to light yellow, 0.3–0.8 × 0.3–0.5 mm; ovary 9–30 mm, densely strigillose and glandular puberulent; style cream or yellow, 1.6–2.8 mm, stigma usually narrowly to broadly clavate, rarely subcapitate, 1–3 × 0.8–2 mm, surrounded by at least longer anthers. |
erect; buds 2–3 × 1.5–2.5 mm; pedicel 5–10 mm; floral tube 0.3–0.6 × 0.3–0.5 mm, raised ring of sparse spreading hairs at mouth inside; sepals 1.3–3.2 × 0.5–1.5 mm, abaxial surface strigillose; petals white, 2.5–5.5 × 2–3.8 mm, apical notch 0.5–1 mm; filaments white, those of longer stamens 1.8–2.5 mm, those of shorter ones 1.5–2 mm; anthers pale yellow, 0.3–0.4 × 0.2–0.4 mm; ovary 15–30 mm, ± densely strigillose; style erect, white, 1.5–2.8 mm, glabrous, stigma cylindrical to subcapitate, entire, 1–1.5 × 0.8–1.2 mm, surrounded by longer anthers. |
Capsules | 30–55(–70) mm, surfaces mixed strigillose and glandular puberulent; usually subsessile, rarely pedicel 1–5 mm, often appressed to stem. |
40–65 mm, surfaces strigillose; pedicel 8–12 mm. |
Seeds | very narrowly obovoid, 1–1.6(–1.8) × 0.4–0.6 mm, chalazal collar 0.1–0.2 mm, light brown or gray, surface rugose to papillose; coma usually readily detached, white, 3–9 mm. |
narrowly oblanceoloid, 1.2–1.7 × 0.3–0.5 mm, abruptly rounded with very short chalazal neck, brownish gray, surface evenly papillose; coma not easily detached, cinnamon red, 8–12 mm. |
2n | = 36. |
= 36. |
Epilobium saximontanum |
Epilobium coloratum |
|
Phenology | Flowering Jul–Sep. | Flowering Jul–Sep. |
Habitat | Montane semi-shaded stream banks, damp meadows, mossy seeps, wet slatey cliffs, disturbed or seasonally damp areas. | Saturated swampy areas, stream banks in lowland forests, wet ditches, open, disturbed wetlands, secondary floodplain forests. |
Elevation | 0–3700 m. (0–12100 ft.) | 0–500(–1500) m. (0–1600(–4900) ft.) |
Distribution |
AZ; CA; CO; ID; MT; NM; NV; OR; SD; UT; WY; AB; BC; MB; NF; ON; QC
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AL; AR; AZ; CT; DC; DE; GA; IA; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; NC; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NY; OH; OK; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; TX; VA; VT; WI; WV; NB; NF; NS; ON; QC; West Indies (Dominican Republic, Haiti)
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Discussion | Epilobium saximontanum is morphologically similar to E. ciliatum (especially subsp. glandulosum) with which it also shares the AA chromosome arrangement. However, in addition to its fleshy compact turions, it very characteristically has notably appressed capsules, unlike most other species in the genus, and a notably strict habit. The distribution of Epilobium saximontanum is unusual; it includes the Rocky Mountain region, only barely reaching the high southern Sierra Nevada, disjunct to the Black Hills of South Dakota, and more widely in eastern Canada, from the shores of Hudson Bay to Newfoundland. Specimens are fairly uniform across this wide and rather discontinuous range, although locally they show some variability, possibly due to hybridization with any of several species that may be sympatric with it. H. Lewis and D. M. Moore (1962) reported hybrids between E. saximontanum (cited as E. brevistylum) and E. ciliatum subsp. ciliatum (cited as E. adenocaulon) from Colorado, and herbarium specimens with E. saximontanum and apparent hybrids are not uncommon. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Epilobium coloratum is highly unusual in having a distribution primarily in southeastern North America. In its overall morphology, particularly leaves and flowers, it more closely resembles European species such as E. obscurum Schreber or E. tetragonum Linnaeus than any other North American species, and shares with the European species the widespread BB chromosome arrangement. There is a general resemblance between E. coloratum and the very widespread E. ciliatum (AA chromosome arrangement); hybrids between these species, known as E. ×wisconsinense Ugent, are highly sterile due to different chromosome arrangements in the parental species. The true affinities of E. coloratum are uncertain. Its occurrence on Hispaniola is also unique and possibly due to a recent introduction. Prior to 1950, all major treatments of Epilobium attributed the name of E. coloratum to Muhlenberg (as E. coloratum Muhlenberg ex Wildenow), including C. Haussknecht (1884), W. Trelease (1891), and others. However, M. L. Fernald (1945d) noted that Index Kewensis had overlooked the 1807 publication by Biehler and virtually all treatments since that time follow the interpretation by Fernald. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 10. | FNA vol. 10. |
Parent taxa | Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Epilobieae > Epilobium > sect. Epilobium | Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Epilobieae > Epilobium > sect. Epilobium |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | E. adenocaulon subsp. rubescens, E. drummondii, E. drummondii var. latiusculum, E. latiusculum, E. ovatifolium, E. rubescens, E. scalare, E. stramineum | E. coloratum var. tenuifolium, E. domingense |
Name authority | Haussknecht: Oesterr. Bot. Z. 29: 119. (1879) | Biehler: Pl. Nov. Herb. Spreng., 18. (1807) |
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