Epilobium saximontanum |
Epilobium arcticum |
|
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glandular willowherb, Rocky Mountain willowherb, Rocky Mountain willowweed, épilobe des rocheuses |
arctic willowherb, épilobe arctique |
|
Habit | Herbs usually with sessile, fleshy, underground turions, or sometimes thick, elongated shoots with dark, decussate scales. | Herbs with sessile, basal rosettes of broadly ovate to spatulate leaves 0.5–1.8 × 0.3–0.9 cm. |
Stems | erect, strict, terete, 4–55 cm, simple or well branched in age, subglabrous proximally to mixed strigillose and glandular puberulent distally, with raised strigillose lines decurrent from margins of petioles. |
single or many, suberect or nodding in bud, often clumped, terete, (2–)5–18 cm, rarely branched, subglabrous proximal to inflorescence with raised strigillose lines decurrent from margins of petioles, strigillose distally. |
Leaves | opposite proximal to inflorescence, alternate and reduced distally, often ± appressed, usually subsessile, rarely petiole 1–3 mm, often clasping; blade obovate proximally to ovate, lanceolate, or narrowly elliptic distally, 1–5.5(–6.5) × 0.4–2(–2.4) cm, base rounded or obtuse, margins low denticulate, 9–30 teeth per side, veins ± conspicuous, 3–6 per side, apex subacute, surfaces subglabrous with strigillose margins; bracts much reduced. |
opposite proximally, alternate on inflorescence, subsessile; blade obovate to narrowly elliptic to distally sublinear, 0.8–2.1 × 0.2–0.5 cm, base cuneate to attenuate, margins subentire to minutely denticulate, 2–5 low teeth per side, veins inconspicuous, apex obtuse to truncate, surfaces glabrous or sparsely strigillose on abaxial midrib; bracts reduced and narrower. |
Inflorescences | erect, sometimes nodding in bud, racemes, sometimes sparsely branched. |
often nodding in bud, erect later, few-flowered racemes, subglabrous or sparsely strigillose. |
Flowers | erect; buds 2–3.5 × 1.8–2.5 mm; pedicel 0–1 mm; floral tube 0.8–1.4 × 0.8–1.9 mm, ring of sparse spreading hairs at mouth inside; sepals sometimes flushed red, 1.2–3.5 × 0.6–1.4 mm, abaxial surface strigillose and sometimes mixed glandular puberulent; petals usually white, infrequently pink, 2.2–5(–7) × 1.7–3.2 mm, apical notch 0.4–1.5 mm; filaments usually cream, rarely light pink, those of longer stamens 2–3.5 mm, those of shorter ones 1–2 mm; anthers cream to light yellow, 0.3–0.8 × 0.3–0.5 mm; ovary 9–30 mm, densely strigillose and glandular puberulent; style cream or yellow, 1.6–2.8 mm, stigma usually narrowly to broadly clavate, rarely subcapitate, 1–3 × 0.8–2 mm, surrounded by at least longer anthers. |
nodding to suberect; buds 2–5 × 1–2.5 mm; pedicel 6–12(–18) mm, exceeding subtending bracts; floral tube 0.5–1.1 × 0.6–1.3 mm, with or without sparse ring of hairs at mouth inside; sepals green or flushed purple, 1.1–1.8 × 0.6–1.2 mm; petals white, sometimes flushed pink, 2.2–4.5 × 1.4–2.5 mm, apical notch 0.5–0.7 mm; filaments white or light pink, those of longer stamens 4–5 mm, those of shorter ones 2–3 mm; anthers cream, 0.3–0.4 × 0.2–0.3 mm; ovary 8–18 mm, subglabrous to strigillose; style white, 2.5–3.5mm, stigma clavate, 1–1.8 × 0.5–1 mm, surrounded by anthers. |
Capsules | 30–55(–70) mm, surfaces mixed strigillose and glandular puberulent; usually subsessile, rarely pedicel 1–5 mm, often appressed to stem. |
erect, often reddish purple, 20–42 mm, surfaces sparsely strigillose; pedicel 25–40 mm. |
Seeds | very narrowly obovoid, 1–1.6(–1.8) × 0.4–0.6 mm, chalazal collar 0.1–0.2 mm, light brown or gray, surface rugose to papillose; coma usually readily detached, white, 3–9 mm. |
narrowly fusiform to narrowly obovoid, 1.1–1.7 × 0.3–0.5 mm, with distinct chalazal collar 0.1–0.2 mm, light brown, surface rugose or reticulate; coma persistent, dull white, 5–7 mm. |
2n | = 36. |
= 36. |
Epilobium saximontanum |
Epilobium arcticum |
|
Phenology | Flowering Jul–Sep. | Flowering Jul–Aug. |
Habitat | Montane semi-shaded stream banks, damp meadows, mossy seeps, wet slatey cliffs, disturbed or seasonally damp areas. | Boggy, wet meadows, along streams, seepage slopes, depressions of low-center polygons. |
Elevation | 0–3700 m. (0–12100 ft.) | 50–500 m. (200–1600 ft.) |
Distribution |
AZ; CA; CO; ID; MT; NM; NV; OR; SD; UT; WY; AB; BC; MB; NF; ON; QC
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AK; NT; NU; QC; YT; Greenland; Europe (n Russia) |
Discussion | Epilobium saximontanum is morphologically similar to E. ciliatum (especially subsp. glandulosum) with which it also shares the AA chromosome arrangement. However, in addition to its fleshy compact turions, it very characteristically has notably appressed capsules, unlike most other species in the genus, and a notably strict habit. The distribution of Epilobium saximontanum is unusual; it includes the Rocky Mountain region, only barely reaching the high southern Sierra Nevada, disjunct to the Black Hills of South Dakota, and more widely in eastern Canada, from the shores of Hudson Bay to Newfoundland. Specimens are fairly uniform across this wide and rather discontinuous range, although locally they show some variability, possibly due to hybridization with any of several species that may be sympatric with it. H. Lewis and D. M. Moore (1962) reported hybrids between E. saximontanum (cited as E. brevistylum) and E. ciliatum subsp. ciliatum (cited as E. adenocaulon) from Colorado, and herbarium specimens with E. saximontanum and apparent hybrids are not uncommon. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Epilobium arcticum has the most northern distribution in the genus, occurring almost exclusively above the Arctic Circle (about 66ºN) in Alaska, Canada, coastal Greenland north of 69ºN, and the Russian Federation, although it apparently is absent from northern Europe (P. H. Raven 1968). Epilobium arcticum has often been combined or confused with E. davuricum, but they differ in size, leaf shape and size, and seed size, as well as in distribution (S. G. Aiken et al., http://nature.ca/aaflora/data). Most populations of E. arcticum occur at (62–)67–80ºN, in the Tundra zone, often on the islands of the Arctic Archipelago (especially Axel Heiberg, Baffin, and Ellesmere islands). Most populations of E. davuricum, on the other hand, occur south of the Arctic Circle in the Boreal and Taiga zones, and rarely, if ever, on those islands. Because Epilobium arcticum grows at latitudes with extremely short growing seasons, plants often commence flowering at the second or third most-proximal node. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 10. | FNA vol. 10. |
Parent taxa | Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Epilobieae > Epilobium > sect. Epilobium | Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Epilobieae > Epilobium > sect. Epilobium |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | E. adenocaulon subsp. rubescens, E. drummondii, E. drummondii var. latiusculum, E. latiusculum, E. ovatifolium, E. rubescens, E. scalare, E. stramineum | E. davuricum subsp. arcticum, E. davuricum var. arcticum |
Name authority | Haussknecht: Oesterr. Bot. Z. 29: 119. (1879) | Samuelsson: Bot. Not. 1922: 160, fig. 1. (1922) |
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