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rigid willowherb, Siskiyou Mountains. willowherb, stiff willowherb

hoary willowherb, small-flower hairy willow-herb, small-flower willow-herb, smaller hairy willowherb

Habit Herbs from woody caudex forming hypogeal shoots with barklike periderm. Herbs often robust and rank, with short-stalked leafy basal rosettes.
Stems

several to many, suberect or ascending, terete, 10–40 cm, simple or sparsely branched, usually glabrous and ± glaucous proximal to inflorescence, strigillose distally, sometimes densely strigillose throughout.

erect, terete, 18–100(–160) cm, well branched distally, densely gray-villous proximally, mixed villous and glandular puberulent distally, often with raised strigillose lines decurrent from margins of petioles.

Leaves

crowded distally, petiole 2–6 mm, blade narrowly ovate to ovate or broadly elliptic, often obovate in proximal pairs;

cauline 2–4.5 × 0.8–2 cm, base rounded to attenuate, margins subentire or finely denticulate, 8–12 teeth per side, lateral veins inconspicuous, 3–5 per side, apex obtuse proximally to subacute distally, surfaces glaucous and subglabrous to densely strigillose;

bracts narrower and much smaller.

opposite proximal to inflorescence, alternate distally, petioles 1–3 mm proximally, sessile distally;

blade narrowly lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 3–12 × 0.5–2.5 cm, often exceeding internodes, base rounded to broadly cuneate, margins serrulate, with 15–60 teeth per side, veins 4–8 per side, apex subacute, surfaces ± densely villous, hairs sometimes appressed;

bracts usually much reduced.

Inflorescences

erect racemes, simple, ± densely strigillose, rarely mixed sparsely glandular puberulent.

erect racemes or often leafy panicles.

Flowers

erect;

buds 6–11 × 4–5 mm, apiculate;

pedicels 4–8 mm;

floral tube 1–1.8 × 2–3 mm, with raised ring of tissue edged with spreading hairs at mouth inside;

sepals often reddish green, lanceolate, 9.5–14.5 × 2.5–3.5 mm, apex acuminate, abaxial surface densely strigillose;

petals pink to rose-purple, obcordate, 16–20 × 13–16 mm, apical notch 3.4–5.5 mm;

filaments light pink, those of longer stamens 9–14 mm, those of shorter ones 6.5–10 mm;

anthers cream, 1.8–3.5 × 1–1.9 mm;

ovary 6–12 mm, densely strigillose;

style cream to light pink, 14.5–18.5 mm, stigma broadly 4-lobed, 1–1.5 × 3–3.5 mm, exserted beyond anthers.

erect;

buds 3.5–5.5 × 1.8–3 mm;

pedicel 3–10 mm;

floral tube 1–1.9 × 1.3–2.5 mm, a ring of spreading hairs at mouth within, densely villous and glandular puberulent abaxially;

sepals narrowly lanceolate, often keeled, 2.5–6 × 1–1.5 mm;

petals usually pink to rose-purple, rarely white, broadly obovate, 4–8.5 × 3–4.5 mm, apical notch 1–4 mm;

filaments cream to light purple, those of longer stamens 2–6 mm, those of shorter ones 1–3.5 mm;

anthers oblong, 0.8–1.3 × 0.4–0.6 mm;

ovary 10–30 mm, mixed villous and glandular puberulent;

style white to pink, 2.2–6 mm, glabrous, stigma deeply 4-lobed, 1–1.5 × 2.2–4 mm, lobes 1–1.8 mm, initially erect, later recurved, surrounded by or barely exserted beyond anthers.

Capsules

20–35 mm, surfaces strigillose;

pedicel 9–13 mm, bracts often attached 2–3 mm from base.

30–70 mm, surfaces usually glandular puberulent, often mixed villous, rarely glabrescent;

pedicel 5–18 mm.

Seeds

narrowly obovoid, constriction 0.6–0.8 mm from micropylar end, 2.5–3.4 × 0.9–1.4 mm, chalazal collar obscure, light brown, surface papillose;

coma easily detached, white, 6–8 mm.

obovoid, 0.8–1.1 × 0.4–0.5 mm, chalazal collar inconspicuous, brown, surface coarsely papillose;

coma easily detached, dingy white, 5–9 mm.

2n

= 36.

= 36.

Epilobium rigidum

Epilobium parviflorum

Phenology Flowering Jul–Sep. Flowering Jun–Sep.
Habitat Dry rocky or sandy benches, rocky hillsides, dry streambeds in coniferous forests, on seasonally moist serpentine slopes, rarely along disturbed roadsides. Disturbed, wet areas near streams, bogs, rivers, and lakes, often calcareous.
Elevation 100–1200(–1500) m. (300–3900(–4900) ft.) 0–150[–1800] m. (0–500[–5900] ft.)
Distribution
from FNA
CA; OR
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
MI; NJ; NY; OH; PA; VT; WA; BC; ON; Eurasia; n Africa; intro­duced also in Pacific Islands (New Zealand) [Introduced in North America]
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Within its range in northwestern California and southwestern Oregon, Epilobium rigidum is restricted to unusually dry habitats compared to most species in sect. Epilobium, but is not unlike taxa in the non-n = 18 clade, which are both perennial and annual. It is self-compatible, but with strongly protandrous flowers and an exserted stigma, and is modally outcrossing, pollinated by bees and flies.

Plant vestiture varies from subglabrous to densely strigillose throughout (var. canescens), but plants with these differences can be in the same population, and no other morphological differences between them have been found.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Epilobium parviflorum is widespread in Eurasia, from Europe through the Caucasus and southern Asia to eastern China (Chen C. J. et al. 1992), and in northwestern Africa and the Canary Islands (P. H. Raven 1967). Prior to the report of naturalized populations of E. parviflorum in Ontario by N. J. Purcell (1976), the species was considered an ephemeral adventive in New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania, where collections were made on ballast heaps in 1877–1880 (W. Trelease 1891; H. A. Gleason 1952, vol. 2) but not subsequently. However, recent collections indicate well-established populations scattered widely across the Great Lakes region (Purcell; E. G. Voss 1972–1996, vol. 2; T. S. Cooperrider and B. K. Andreas 1991) and more recently in the Pacific Northwest. Epilobium parviflorum is clearly naturalized and can be expected to spread farther, given its weedy nature (Raven and T. E. Raven 1976).

Epilobium parviflorum most closely resembles E. hirsutum, sharing the otherwise unique combination of densely villous pubescence and 4-lobed stigmas, but differs by having smaller flowers, leaves not clasping and/or decurrent on stems, and perennating by rosettes rather than by thick ropy stolons. The two species co-occur throughout most of their range in Eurasia, and although their adventive ranges in North America are quite similar, E. hirsutum has spread much more widely and rapidly.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Source FNA vol. 10. FNA vol. 10.
Parent taxa Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Epilobieae > Epilobium > sect. Macrocarpa Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Epilobieae > Epilobium > sect. Epilobium
Sibling taxa
E. anagallidifolium, E. arcticum, E. brachycarpum, E. campestre, E. canum, E. ciliatum, E. clavatum, E. cleistogamum, E. coloratum, E. davuricum, E. densiflorum, E. densum, E. foliosum, E. glaberrimum, E. hallianum, E. hirsutum, E. hornemannii, E. howellii, E. lactiflorum, E. leptocarpum, E. leptophyllum, E. luteum, E. minutum, E. mirabile, E. montanum, E. nevadense, E. nivium, E. obcordatum, E. obscurum, E. oreganum, E. oregonense, E. pallidum, E. palustre, E. parviflorum, E. saximontanum, E. septentrionale, E. siskiyouense, E. smithii, E. suffruticosum, E. torreyi
E. anagallidifolium, E. arcticum, E. brachycarpum, E. campestre, E. canum, E. ciliatum, E. clavatum, E. cleistogamum, E. coloratum, E. davuricum, E. densiflorum, E. densum, E. foliosum, E. glaberrimum, E. hallianum, E. hirsutum, E. hornemannii, E. howellii, E. lactiflorum, E. leptocarpum, E. leptophyllum, E. luteum, E. minutum, E. mirabile, E. montanum, E. nevadense, E. nivium, E. obcordatum, E. obscurum, E. oreganum, E. oregonense, E. pallidum, E. palustre, E. rigidum, E. saximontanum, E. septentrionale, E. siskiyouense, E. smithii, E. suffruticosum, E. torreyi
Synonyms E. rigidum var. canescens
Name authority Haussknecht: Oesterr. Bot. Z. 29: 51. (1879) Schreber: Spic. Fl. Lips., 146, [155]. (1771)
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